Abstract
Ricegrass juice (Oryza sativa L.) was introduced as a functional food as the consumption of sprouts or seedlings has been claimed to provide high nutritive value. Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that plays a key role in the human antioxidation scheme. Supplementation of Se into plants is one strategy to enhance plant bioactivities, and the consumption of Se plant foods may confer superior health benefits. In this study, ricegrass juice extract was analyzed for its major phenolic components. The effect of ricegrass juice extracts bio-fortified with 0, 10 and 40 mg Se/L named as RG0, RG10, and RG40, respectively, were investigated for a percentage of cell viability, changes of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide inhibition in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Flavone glycosides, namely chrysoeriol arabinosyl arabinoside derivatives, were found to be the foremost bioactive components in ricegrass juice extract indicated by UHPLC-MS. The results of cell culture assessment revealed that RG40 showed an ability to promote macrophage cell proliferation at low concentration. Ricegrass juice extract in all treatments possessed the ability to reduce malondialdehyde content, which may be regarded as the bioactivity of phenolic compounds. Moreover, Se also played a role in this effect since RG40 showed the greatest ability via increasing the level of GPx enzyme. It was also discovered that phenolic compounds in the extracts played a role in inhibiting nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, RG40 expressed significantly higher NO inhibition properties at IC50 118.76 µg/mL compared to RG0 and RG10, at 147.02 and 147.73 µg/mL, respectively. Se bio-fortified ricegrass juice could be considered as a new potent functional food that can lower the risk of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation diseases.
Highlights
At present, new directions in human consumption consider daily nutrition to include essential nutrients and energy and bioactive compounds that demonstrate the additional benefits to human health [1]
The objective of this study is to identify the type of phenolic compounds present and the Se content of ricegrass juice extract in relation to the supplementation of sodium selenite into ricegrass
According to the preliminary results, ricegrass was revealed to have the limitation of not accumulating Se compounds more than 40 mg Se/L, since higher levels of Se concentration led to toxicity, which resulted in significant growth limitation
Summary
New directions in human consumption consider daily nutrition to include essential nutrients and energy and bioactive compounds that demonstrate the additional benefits to human health [1]. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 57 phytochemicals to protect them from danger and prepare for expansion, sprouts or young plant of cereals, grains, or legumes are currently of interest as a new kind of vegetable [2]. Ricegrass is a brand-new sprout which was recently introduced to substitute the use of wheatgrass, especially in high rice production areas as an economy ingredient. The use of ricegrass arouses the utilization of low-cost variety rice seeds since it was proven to contain higher levels of polyphenol and possess comparable antioxidant activities to wheatgrass juice [3,4]. Many varieties of young ricegrass in Thailand had been earlier reported to inhibit lipid peroxidation and provide DNA protective properties against exposure to Fenton reaction due to numerous secondary metabolite components such as anthocyanin and phenolics [5]
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