Abstract
Simple SummaryDespite the importance of donkeys through history and their productive resuscitation during the last decades, reference values for common elements are not yet readily available. Such a challenge becomes even more noticeable when practitioners aim at evaluating the physiological and pathological concentrations of certain elements across the different stages that a donkey can go through along its life. The aims of this study are to determine baseline selenium and vitamin E concentrations for Miranda donkeys both jennies and foals. Miranda donkeys are considered to be endangered and it is possible that selenium and vitamin E may be associated with foal survival. Critical points may be identified related to overdosing or deficient levels of selenium and vitamin E, at different stages of development of gestation in utero during fetal development, parturition, and post foaling. Our study suggests that vitamin E and Se levels can have a major impact and effect on foal health and mortality levels. Multiple factors including location, diet, management practices, parity and time of breeding, and age of jenny may affect blood profiles in jennies, which ultimately may affect the profiles of her foals. The increase in donkeys treated by practitioners in recent years has led to an increased interest in finding more information on basic biochemical preliminary reference values. The aims of this study were to measure Se and Vit E levels in plasma from Miranda jennies peripartum and postpartum and in their foals to compare blood profiles of the jenny and foal related to the overall foal’s health. Twenty-two healthy peripartum and postpartum Miranda donkeys were sampled (12 jennies and 10 foals) in the northeast of Portugal (Atenor and Paradela) from May to November, 2018. Amounts of selenium in soil were significantly correlated (0.97) to concentrations of selenium in jennies (42.412 μg/L in Atenor and 9.612 μg/L in Paradela) and foals (19.378 μg/L in Atenor and 6.430 μg/L in Paradela). Selenium levels were lower in foals than adults and in males than females. Vitamin E was associated with overall foal health. Foals with a mean vitamin E of 3.585–5.307 mg/L showed signs of weakness, but carpal flexural deformities were observed when the average vitamin E was 11.520 mg/L. Low vitamin E levels (5.307 mg/L) in jennies were related to foal mortality. Diets, location, parity, and age affect blood profiles of jennies and, ultimately, foal health.
Highlights
Recent efforts have examined risks factors that may be associated with the high foal mortality rates that are being seen by Miranda donkey owners [1,2]
The same authors reported mean Se levels in foals and jennies to be 0.05 and 0.11 μg/mL, respectively, but the values were not significantly different. These results agree with the findings of our study, for both Vit E and Se, which suggested that Se levels may be lower in foals than active adults
Our findings suggest that different kinds of dietary supplementation may significantly condition the levels of Se; non-significant results were observed for Vit E
Summary
Recent efforts have examined risks factors that may be associated with the high foal mortality rates that are being seen by Miranda donkey owners [1,2]. Great efforts to preserve endangered breeds of donkeys such as the Miranda has led to more scientific literature and specie-specific information on donkey health becoming available along with interest in donkeys being used and valued as production and performance animals [3]. There is still a lack of information related to the basic understanding of donkey health parameters [4]. More studies have begun focusing on species specific information, still only a few have assessed vitamin and mineral profiles [5,6].
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