Selective method for the analysis of perchlorate in drinking waters at nanogram per liter levels, using two-dimensional ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection

Abstract

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected drinking water occurrence data for perchlorate in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 1; 2001–2005) using EPA Method 314.0. To address the interest in increasing sensitivity and selectivity for the analysis of perchlorate, three new methods, EPA Methods 314.1, 331.0 and 332.0, were subsequently published by EPA for the analysis of perchlorate in drinking water. In 2006, an automated two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) method for measuring perchlorate with suppressed conductivity detection was developed. Two-dimensional IC is essentially an automated “heart-cutting”, column concentration and matrix elimination technique. In the first dimension, a large sample volume is injected onto a first separation column and the separated matrix ions are diverted to waste while the analyte(s) of interest are selectively cut, trapped and concentrated in a concentrator column. In the second dimension, the contents from the concentrator column are eluted onto a second analytical column for separation and quantitation of the analyte(s) of interest. Incorporation of two columns with different affinities for the analyte(s) in a single analysis can provide comparable selectivity and superior sensitivity to a method using second column confirmation in a second separate analysis step. Use of this approach led to the development of a new, highly sensitive and selective 2D-IC, suppressed conductivity method with a Lowest Concentration Minimum Reporting Level (LCMRL) of 55 ng/L for perchlorate in drinking water samples. This new method has comparable sensitivity and selectivity and is simpler and more economical than IC-mass spectrometric (MS) or IC-MS–MS techniques. The method is now being prepared for publication as EPA Method 314.2.