Abstract
We proposed an economic, cost-constrained optimal design of a water distribution system (WDS) that maximizes seismic reliability while satisfying pressure constraints. The model quantifies the seismic reliability of a WDS through a series of procedures: stochastic earthquake generation, seismic intensity attenuation, determination of the pipe failure status (normal, leakage, and breakage), pipe failure modeling in hydraulic simulation, and negative pressure treatment. The network’s seismic reliability is defined as the ratio of the available quantity of water to the required water demand under stochastic earthquakes. The proposed model allows no pipe option in decisions, making it possible to identify seismic-reliability-based optimal layout for a WDS. The model takes into account the physical impact of earthquake events on the WDS, which ultimately affects the network’s boundary conditions (e.g., failure level of pipes). A well-known benchmark network, the Anytown network, is used to demonstrate the proposed model. The network’s optimal topology and pipe layouts are determined from a series of optimizations. The results show that installing large redundant pipes degrades the system’s seismic reliability because the pipes will cause a large rupture opening under failure. Our model is a useful tool to find the optimal pipe layout that maximizes system reliability under earthquakes.
Highlights
An earthquake occurs as a result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust
The model quantifies the seismic reliability of a water distribution system (WDS) through a series of procedures: stochastic earthquake generation, seismic intensity attenuation, determination of the pipe failure status, pipe failure modeling in hydraulic simulation, and negative pressure treatment
The flowchart of the proposed optimal design model which consists of two sub-models: seismic shows the flowchart of the proposed WDS optimal design model which consists of two sub-models: reliability estimation and optimization model. model
Summary
An earthquake occurs as a result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust. The released massive energy creates seismic waves, which cause deformation of the water distribution system (WDS) of which components are mainly connected beneath the ground. The damage of an earthquake is the multiple failure of system components. For an earthquake occurred in Kobe, Japan in 1995, many pipes were ruptured, causing water to flow out of the system, while some of the pump stations stopped working completely due to power outage. The likelihood of concurrence of multiple failures within a system is low under normal conditions. A different strategy should be adopted for WDS design of the regions with the risk of earthquake occurrence, such as
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