Abstract
Children’s neurological development is influenced by what they do and do not experience. Early experiences and the environments in which they occur can alter gene expression and affect long-term neural development. Today, discretionary screen time (DST), often involving multiple devices, is the single main experience and environment of children. Various screen activities are reported to induce structural and functional brain plasticity in adults. However, childhood is a time of significantly greater changes in brain anatomical structure and connectivity. Digital natives exhibit a higher prevalence of screen-related ‘addictive’ behaviours that reflect impaired neurological reward-processing and impulse-control mechanisms. Associations are emerging between screen dependency disorders (SDD) such as Internet Addiction Disorder and specific neurogenetic polymorphisms, abnormal neural tissue and neural function. Although abnormal neural structural and functional characteristics may be a precondition rather than a consequence of addiction, there may also be a bidirectional relationship. As is the case with substance addictions, it is possible that intensive routine exposure to certain screen activities during critical stages of neural development may alter gene expression resulting in structural, synaptic and functional changes in the developing brain leading to SDD, particularly in children with predisposing neurogenetic profiles. There may also be compound/secondary effects on paediatric neural development. Screen dependency disorders, even at subclinical levels, involve high levels of discretionary screen time, inducing greater child sedentary behaviour thereby reducing vital aerobic fitness, which plays an important role in the neurological health of children, particularly in brain structure and function. Child health policy must therefore adhere to the principle of precaution as a prudent approach to protecting child neurological integrity and well-being. This paper explains the basis of current paediatric neurological concerns surrounding SDD and proposes preventive strategies for child neurology and allied professions.
Highlights
Screen viewing begins in infancy with new research finding that the prevalence of screen viewing in children aged under two years ‘is high and appears to increase steadily across age groups’ [1]
Associations are emerging between screen dependency disorders such as Internet Addiction Disorder and specific neurogenetic polymorphisms, abnormal neural tissue and neural function
As is the case with substance addictions, it is possible that intensive routine exposure to certain screen activities during critical stages of neural development may alter gene expression resulting in structural, synaptic and functional changes in the developing brain leading to screen dependency disorders, in children with predisposing neurogenetic profiles
Summary
Screen viewing begins in infancy with new research finding that the prevalence of screen viewing in children aged under two years ‘is high and appears to increase steadily across age groups’ [1]. In a study of 248 healthy children aged 5 – 17 years Takeuchi et al (2016) reported highly significant correlations between daily average hours of videogame play and microstructural changes over a 3-year period in diffusion tensor imaging mean diffusivity thought to reflect a reduction in tissue density [37]. They noted that such changes are uniquely sensitive to neural plasticity, within the dopaminergic system. A longitudinal study published in Addiction Biology reported that IGD subjects who received a psychobehavioural intervention showed a highly significant decrease in functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and inferior parietal lobule, along with amelioration in addiction severity, compared to matched IGD subjects not receiving treatment which showed no changes [38]
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