Abstract
As a reflection of Latvian identity, the country’s rural landscapes are a living embodiment of both natural and cultural heritage, contributing to quality of life for local communities and serving as a magnetic pulling factor for international tourists. Traditional farmsteads (viensētas) are perceived as symbolic spaces which have developed gradually, especially since the 19th Century, through annual cycles of farm work alongside extensive farming. Yet their existence is threatened by the impact of transitional changes such as depopulation, globalisation, the non-competitive nature of traditional farming models, and changes in society and the lifestyle of young people. Many abandoned farmsteads are disappearing under large areas of cropland or forest, and some newly built private houses do not have a connection with the traditional rural landscape. The aim of this study is to explore the way that perceptions of farmsteads and rural landscapes have changed over time within local communities. This is done by comparing representations of countryside landscape ideals in the media from 1920 to 1940 and perceptions of farmsteads as an element of countryside landscapes within local rural communities today (<12 % of the population of Latvia lived on a farmstead in 2019). The findings show that in the period when most people lived in the countryside, a particular kind of idealised rural landscape was often visually represented in the mainstream media, strengthening stereotypes about symbolic landscapes. These concepts are still strongly rooted in the perceptions of current rural inhabitants and there was consensus among respondents about the elements which are associated with high-quality rural landscapes. Although the daily routines of the traditional farmstead today have been changed by a number of factors and many elements of the rural landscape have lost their functionality, symbolism — including the iconic image of separate family farmsteads — helps to maintain a continuing metanarrative of national identity, creating nostalgic ties which lead many to have a preference for living in the countryside, holding perceptions about the availability of various ecosystem services next door which will improve their quality of life.
Highlights
Due to its symbolic significance to the national identity (e.g. Bunkše 1999; Zigmunde 2010; Dzenovska and Aistara 2014), the farmstead of the 16th-21st century is included in the Latvian Culture Canon
The analyses of images of the Latvian countryside reproduced in the publication Atpūta during the period shortly after the creation of the independent Republic of Latvia demonstrated ideas prevalent within society of “what constitutes a pleasant rural landscape” and revealed a consensus that rural life was more valuable than urban life
A comparative analysis of representations and perceptions over the course of a century prove that certain stereotypical perceptions about symbolic landscapes and idealised elements of rural landscape characteristics were reproduced by the rural community in a very similar way to how they were represented in the media before the Second World War
Summary
Due to its symbolic significance to the national identity (e.g. Bunkše 1999; Zigmunde 2010; Dzenovska and Aistara 2014), the farmstead of the 16th-21st century is included in the Latvian Culture Canon. Canon 2018) and pays attention to its significance to national identity at the time of the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Latvia. This is because of its architectural value (Ozola 2015), but because of the value of the landscape as a whole: “as spatial formation shaping uninterrupted surface — the pattern depending both on environmental circumstances and on territorial features of people’s activities” (Melluma 2012). Rural landscapes contribute to additional value of the tourism services in situ with scenic views, make roadsides of the transit routes towards the tourism destinations more attractive (Vugule 2013) forming designated “landscape roads” (Vugule and Turlaja 2016)
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