Reviewing the Impact of Military Activities on Marine Biodiversity and Conservation: A Study of the Ukraine-Russia Conflict within the Framework of International Law

Abstract

The severe consequences of military activities on marine biodiversity and conservation have come to limelight as a result of the Ukraine-Russian conflicts in the Black Sea region. The battle has had both immediate and collateral environmental effects on the Black Sea, a hotspot for numerous and uncommon aquatic species. Oil spills, the discharge of toxic substances, and habitat deterioration are only a few of the direct effects that have harmed marine environments and destroyed crucial breeding sites. The fragile balance of the marine life in the area is further threatened by indirect effects caused by fishing practices, increased marine traffic, and advances in coastal infrastructure brought on by conflicts. This ongoing conflict has infringed upon international agreements, including the Basel, Stockholm, and London Conventions, through military activities in the Black Sea, resulting in the violation of regulations governing hazardous waste movement and posing a threat to the biodiversity of the region. This review discusses the breaches and analyzes the harms caused in the marine ecosystem and resources and proposes suggestions as to combine military tactics with conservation activities.