Review of Mandarin Brazil: Race, Representation, and Memory

This work explores the construction of a collective memory about the meaning and experience of the use of bicycles in the city of Recife, capital of Pernambuco - Brazil. As a demarcation of this research, a Facebook user groups' posts were analyzed. Therefore, this study focuses on the experiences and emotions that relate to processes of urban space appropriation. We used the Sociologist Maurice Halbwachs’s Collective Memory theory as the main point of comparison with theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence addressed.

É difícil determinar a exata data em que foi procedido o primeiro trabalho de Auditoria no Brasil, mas, há exatamente um século, o balanço da São Paulo Tramway Light & Power Co., relativo ao período compreendido entre junho de 1899 e 31 de dezembro de 1902, foi certificado pela empresa canadense de Auditoria Clarkson & Cross - atualmente Ernst & Young. Este artigo procura recuperar a memória desse período, basicamente sob três ângulos: técnicooperacional, acadêmico e legal. Em termos operacionais, a primeira empresa de Auditoria Independente a se estabelecer no Brasil foi a DeloitteToucheTohmatsu, que instalou seu primeiro escritório no Rio de Janeiro, em 1911, e o segundo em Recife, em 1917. Àquela época, o país estava longe de ter qualquer tipo de preocupação com o assunto. Um dos primeiros artigos sobre esse tema foi publicado, em 1928, pela Revista Paulista de Contabilidade, com o título "Contabilidade na Grã-bretanha". O primeiro livro sobre Auditoria foi publicado apenas em 1957 e denominado "Curso de Auditoria". No que se refere ao aspecto legal, os conceitos e técnicas de auditoria foram formalmente introduzidos no ensino universitário por força do Decreto-Lei 7.988, de 22 de dezembro de 1945, o qual regulamentava a educação superior nos cursos de Economia, Contabilidade e Ciências Atuariais. Ainda no âmbito das leis, somente em 1965, pela primeira vez, foi introduzida afigura do Auditor Independente em um diploma legal. Esse foi um marco de enorme importância para a evolução da profissão e das práticas contábeis. Desde então, tanto as práticas de Auditoria quanto seu ensino acadêmico se consolidaram no país, de forma a atender seu principal objetivo: opinar a respeito da adequação das demonstrações contábeis publicadas, no que diz respeito aos seus aspectos mais relevantes.

This article’s aims are, on the one hand, to discuss memory as related to personal and social identity, in order to make clear its significance to education and to those who deal with education. On the other hand the article proposes an exercise that makes possible to understand the works and the art of memory by relating time, memory, and history. This exercise deals with the memory constructed and celebrated in the so called 500 years of Brazil’s festivities.

Em 2004, o aniversário dos 40 anos do golpe que deu início à ditadura civil-militar no Brasil motivou a irrupção no espaço público de diversos discursos de memória conflitantes relativos àquele acontecimento, com destaque para o dis- curso governamental, o dos comandantes militares e o das vítimas e seus familiares. O artigo busca, inicialmente, situar este conflito no contexto global de uma "cultura da memória"; a seguir, examina os suportes, agentes, argumentos e imagens específicos de cada um destes discursos, bem como suas estratégias de enquadramento e de silenciamento das lembranças do período; finalmente, discute o papel assumido pelos historiadores nesta "batalha de memórias".

The aim of this research is to close the gap in the literature of the spillover, the long memory, volatility and forecasting for consumer exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This research is divided in to three parts. The first part focuses on spillover and leverage effects of Consumer ETFs (Consumer Discretionary and Consumer Staples) and Producer Related ETFs. This study used Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity-in-Mean Autoregressive Moving Average (GARCH-M-ARMA) and found a bilateral correlation between Consumer ETFs and Producer Related ETFs tracing fundamental indexes. With Exponentially Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity-in-Mean Autoregressive Moving Average (EGARCH-M-ARMA) models, this paper found that Producer Related ETFs have less spillover effects for compared with Consumer ETFs. There were strongly negative leverage effects of both consumer and Producer Related ETFs. The second part forecasts consumer exchange-traded funds (ETFs) which classified by country, such as the United States (US), excluding the United States (EX-US), Emerging Markets, Brazil, China, and India. The findings of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) showed that there are top four ranking to influence Consumer ETFs, such as New York Stock Exchange Composite Index, Commodity Research Bureau, exchange USD/EUR and Put/call ratio. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach connected with all data and variables revealed that Back-Propagation Perception (BPN) can be much more effective for prediction. However, based on different sample this paper found that Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (TDRNN) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) provide consistent results. ANN model also found that Brazil and China Consumer ETFs can be easier to predict, comparing with others countries. The methods used in the third part is known as Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average which found that media, consumer service, food and beverage and consumer goods industries of Consumer ETFs returns can be a good prediction. Fractionally Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARFIMA-FIGARCH) model revealed that the long memory in volatility existed only for gaming and consumer goods industries. Moreover, there are multiple structural breaks for asymmetrical effects in Consumer ETFs by applying the Iterated Cumulative Sums Squares Test (ICSS). The outcome of this research will not only offer economic meaning for issuers, investors and fund managers to plan for their trading strategies, but also provide for academicians and researchers stepping stones in having empirical results and a new perceptive from Consumer ETFs.

This paper focuses on four extension projects on floodable areas in the city of Porto Alegre, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is in the Jacui River delta, which flows into the Guaiba Lake, one of the main waterways in Southern Brazil. Such urban projects – with similar goals amongst themselves, such as integrating housing and industries, for instance – were never implemented. However, as initiatives associated to state economic and strategic development plans (between 1935 and 1960), the study of such projects significantly contributes to the understanding of Porto Alegre’s metropolitan area in its trajectory of expansion. The Jacui delta and its islands limit Northern Porto Alegre. The projects were to be located on such wetlands, given their strategic site in relation to means of external connection, such as waterways, roads and railways. Because this area had always been subject to floods, a solution for overcoming such issue with infrastructure works was always present in the creation of projects for the delta. Porto Alegre, from its foundation to the first half of the 20thcentury, suffered with floods of the Guaiba Lake that caused major damages to the city. Because of that, from 1942, a dam and a wall were built; to this day, they influence the connection between city and Lake, maintaining the collective memory of past floods. Therefore, this work focuses on the different approaches and discourses of the authors of the extension projects for the flood issues, and on their intentions towards making such projects resilient to the recurring floods. While researching the plans, we have observed that the cost of construction work and of the expropriation needed for building the dam have contributed to postponing, deterring and modifying the execution of such projects. In spite of the failure on implementing the projects, their focus on the relation between the city and its surrounding waters became an important resource for the study of the city’s history, given that the wetlands are a significant part of its collective memory.

In Brazil, during the twentieth century, from 1954 to 1964, it is possible to observe the formation of a working class in Brazil, due to the enlargement of the national industrial park. This historical context was a fertile terrain for the genesis of the nationaldevelopmental ideological discourse. In the process of urbanization and industrialization, in the Ford/Taylor pattern, the unions and the political parties disputed the course of the working class in Brazil, which was formed as a new ethnical-regional mosaic, made up of, above all, national migrants coming from the rural areas of the country. Taking into consideration the macro-structural scenery and the subjective and symbolic dynamics of work, the analysis of the memories from ex-workers, who worked for different metallurgical industries from the automobile productive chain, throwed lights on the conflicting relations of the everyday life in the modern world, showing a continuous attempt from these subjects to overcome the condition of working machines.

Starting from two books, Inventory of Scars by Alex Polari, and K. by Bernardo Kucinski, this article analyses the place of literature in dealing with painful historical experiences in Brazil under the last dictatorship (1964-85). In these works, the notion of perplexity is associated with different strategies of memory as the registration of prison experience for future acknowledgment or the post reorganization of remembrances about the search for a missing person. In both cases, the poetic or fictional approach is fundamental for the mimesis of a damaged life and justifies the hypothesis of “perplexity” as a possible way of translating the “immensurable” experienced during that historical process.

This research of cientific initiation has as subject the speeches about childhood, jokes and playing pranks. In it, its propose to explore the constitutive meanings for playing and the playing body, starting at examining video clip parts of the documentary “Tarja Branca” directed by Cacau Rhoden and released in Brazil in 2014, appointing questions of the relationship between practices medicalization and consumption in contemporary society and its consequential depreciation of playful experiences and about play, observing how constituted are the senses and what means to each subjects and their respective bodies. As theoretical-analytical elements, worked about Discourse Analysis practiced in Brazil around the name of Michel Pecheux and his group. It started from the presuppositions that we build our methodological procedures: started from the materiality of the documentary, whose structure articulates image, sound and word, looking for traces of the subject positions inscribed in it and of the memory trajects that constitues meanings about playing and the playing body. Those analysis allow us to idetify and understand ideological positions of critics and shocks of medication of body and productibility thats income and shows to our society contemporary. In the material conditions of childhood experience today, there is an injunction to the development of habilities for the world of jobs and consumption, which demand the training of the child's body and the normalization of his behaviour. In response to these ideological demands, the video documentary supports a discursive process in favor of the recovery and valorization of the playful, constituting a discourse of resistance.

This article seeks to present as were performed the steps that led to the construction of the Leprosarium Colonia de Itanhenga, opened in 1937, for the compulsory isolation of lepers that existed in the State of Espirito Santo. For many years, the few cases of leprosy registered in the State led to believe that this was a region indene to this disease. However, with the arrival of the doctor Pedro Fontes, in August 1927, appointed to head the Inspectorate of Prophylaxis of Leprosy and Venereal Diseases, the actual situation was identified. In 1932, after the completion of census conducted in the state, it was confirmed 334 cases of leprosy. Given this situation, Pedro Fontes sought the support of the State Government for the construction of a leprosarium to receive these patients. The construction of this leprosarium was inserted in the restructuring period and centralization of Brazilian public health, which occurred during the Government of President of the Republic Getulio Vargas, between 1930 e 1945, in which it recorded a great attention to leprosy endemic in Brazil. The main action of the policy established by the Minister of Education and Health Gustavo Capanema to prevent the spread of the disease was the construction of leprosarium in different regions of the country. The particular case of the State of Espirito Santo and the construction of Itanhenga Cologne can be valuable for the comparative study of the efforts made by government authorities and civil society in the fight against leprosy in similar historical contexts. For this study were used the following textual sources: documents, letters and forms that belong to the personal archive of Gustavo Capanema, deposited in the Centre of Research and Documentation of Contemporary History of Brazil / Getulio Vargas Foundation; News and articles published in newspapers of the States of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo; books and articles written by the doctor Heraclides Cesar de Souza-Araujo, published in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Memories magazine; messages and reports from the State Government of Espirito Santo.

The purpose of this article is to keep alive the memory and the compromise proposed by the Studies of CNBB 44 - Youth Ministry in Brazil, upgrading the tasks were fulfilled and others, that 30 years later are still unfinished. History does not repeat itself. It evolves. The important thing is that the young learn to live with great joy and will all offered moments, celebrating every achievement, every victory and every stumble and also defeat. 30 years after the studies of CNBB 44 - Youth Ministry in Brazil, is still present in many ways, chief among them: prophecy. The PJ is the largest training school of prophets and prophets of the Kingdom that the Church has. And that she can not give up.

Este artigo tem como propósito apresentar as análises e resultados obtidos a partir do desenvolvimento de duas pesquisas cujo objetivo em comum foi conhecer, a partir da temática da Guerra do Paraguai, como o Brasil e os brasileiros estão sendo representados em museus e espaços de memória no Paraguai e no Uruguai. A partir da perspectiva teórica de Serge Moscovici, da Teoria das Representações Sociais, foram analisadas as seguintes instituições escolhidas para os estudos: o Panteão Nacional dos Heróis e o Instituto de História e Museu Militar, localizados na cidade de Assunção, no Paraguai, e o Museu Histórico Nacional do Uruguai e o Museu Histórico Cabildo de Montevideo, ambos situados na capital uruguaia. A metodologia utilizada foi a de análise de conteúdo, tanto das exposições através de visitas de campo quanto das informações e dados coletados, aliados a uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Dos resultados encontrados, destaca-se no Paraguai uma representação social muito forte de valorização e enaltecimento dos heróis que lutaram e deram a vida pela pátria durante o conflito. Já no Uruguai, constatou-se que a Guerra é entendida como um episódio da história do país cuja representação social é marcada por certa negatividade e arrependimento pela participação no conflito. Em um paralelo comum, destaca-se em ambos os países uma culpabilização do Brasil pelos acontecimentos, observada especialmente nas entrelinhas e ausências dos discursos nos quais as representações sociais se manifestam.

The purpose of this article is to understand the consequences of accelerated neoliberal urbanization in the city of Sao Paulo by analyzing the Augusta Park and it’s environs. The study is justified because this city has been pursuing neoliberal practices that generate social and urban fragmentation. The current neoliberal scenario transforms the urban space and restructures the city, it creates marginalized and segregated urban environments, and replaces public spaces with private amenities. The research question is the following: Does Augusta Park represent a kind of resistance to accelerated neoliberal urbanization in Sao Paulo? To support this research, we use a qualitative methodology in order to demonstrate the urban destruction that threatens this area, the object of this study. First, we contextualize the Augusta Park as a public space with twenty four thousand square metres, located on Augusta Street, in the downtown area of Sao Paulo, representing a significant green area, a scarce amenity in this region. Then we demonstrate that in recent years, due to the increasing valuation of real estate in the downtown area, the region has become a strong target for the property market who intend to suppress the Park to make way for modern and luxurious housing. This fact has generated a large mobilization of the park’s users, locals and others, who demand that this area be preserved and handed over to the population in the form of a public space in all of its integrity. The case remains a legal process in the courts due to the influence of real estate capital on the Government. The research aims to reveal the historical and urban importance of the Park for the region and the impact of the developers activities in the urban environment. Historically the above issues have been justified by man’s domination of his environment. So, it is inevitable to analyse the instruments for environmental protection, especially National Urban Development Policy in Brazil. In conclusion we believe that the urban landscape of the city of Sao Paulo is changing quickly and intensely, causing profound changes to the city’s structure. The accelerated neoliberal urbanization process contributes significantly to this scenario with the main actors being the property and financial markets. Despite neoliberal practices producing devastating effects on the local way of life, promoting the disintegration of history as well as the memory of the city and decaying urban spaces definitively, Augusta Park reveals itself as a potential resistance to this neoliberal influence.

This research presents some reflections about the actions developed by the project “Revelacoes da Historia” (History Revelation), an initiative constituted by photograph researchers in the city of Londrina (Parana State, Brazil), between the years of 2005 and 2008, that resulted in the identification, formation, re-integration and diffusion of anonymous visual heaps, as well as the publishing of two books that inserted in Londrina´s community inedited visual collections: the Foto Estrela´s and the Arminio Kaiser´s heaps. Some reflections about fragments of these photographic collections were made in order to enlarge and to consolidate the importance of this preservation initiative starting from some contents not explored by the project “Revelacoes da Historia”. The theoretical discussions were made under the light of concepts from Vilem Flusser philosophy, the linguistic theory of Mikhail Bakhtin and the French line of semiotics theory. The research also ratifies the importance of these heaps to the constitution of a visual memory about “sceneries and characters in Brazil” and about the building of social history as the researcher Boris Kossoy proposes. Moreover, the main lines of action from the project “Revelacoes da Historia” also were presented in relation to the theoretical bases, methods and instruments that have guided it, intending to be a reference to future projects of the same type. The results presented at this research ratify the importance and the value of the lightening up and democratization of anonymous pho tographic heaps to the universe of the knowledge.

The figure of the teacher is present in the memories of everyone who has been to school sometime in their life. It is usually a female representation, that plays a central role in the education of young children in all the countries of the West, where the teaching job was, after the nineteenth century, mostly in the hands of women. This paperwork, currently in progress, is part of a cooperation project developed between institutions in Brazil and Argentina. Aspects of the history of brazilian childhood (the object of previous studies and researches) and argentinian childhood (newer bibliography approach) will be discussed; especially in what concerns the place of the teacher or the woman and their implications in the organization of the education of young children. Historically, the way how the female presence was built in the education of young children is responsible for imprinting a form of school organization which refers to practices of ' mothering ' or of 'biologist ' conceptions of the education of women, and those concepts are reflected in policies of childhood education in Brazil and Argentina, reaching to the present. This study permeates, thus, both the historical and the social organization of children educational and care institutions, using the theoretical contributions of the two countries on the issue, and also the contributions of Norbert Elias, to understand the formation of the 'civilized' individuals since their childhood. Literature surveys will be presented in an attempt to understand how the theme is approached in both countries, resorting to studies about the formation of education professionals and the role of the genders.