Abstract
BackgroundCognitive impairment has been reported in human immune deficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected patients as well as in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats. This impairment has been linked to neuroinflammation, disturbed brain arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, and synapto-dendritic injury. We recently reported upregulated brain AA metabolism in 7- to 9-month-old HIV-1 Tg rats. We hypothesized that these HIV-1 Tg rats also would show upregulated brain inflammatory and AA cascade markers and a deficit of synaptic proteins.MethodsWe measured protein and mRNA levels of markers of neuroinflammation and the AA cascade, as well as pro-apoptotic factors and synaptic proteins, in brains from 7- to 9-month-old HIV-1 Tg and control rats.ResultsCompared with control brain, HIV-1 Tg rat brain showed immunoreactivity to glycoprotein 120 and tat HIV-1 viral proteins, and significantly higher protein and mRNA levels of (1) the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α, (2) the activated microglial/macrophage marker CD11b, (3) AA cascade enzymes: AA-selective Ca2+-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-IVA, secretory sPLA2-IIA, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, membrane prostaglandin E2 synthase, 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and 15-LOX, cytochrome p450 epoxygenase, and (4) transcription factor NF-κBp50 DNA binding activity. HIV-1 Tg rat brain also exhibited signs of cell injury, including significantly decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and drebrin, a marker of post-synaptic excitatory dendritic spines. Expression of Ca2+-independent iPLA2-VIA and COX-1 was unchanged.ConclusionsHIV-1 Tg rats show elevated brain markers of neuroinflammation and AA metabolism, with a deficit in several synaptic proteins. These changes are associated with viral proteins and may contribute to cognitive impairment. The HIV-1 Tg rat may be a useful model for understanding progression and treatment of cognitive impairment in HIV-1 patients.
Highlights
Increased neuroinflammatory and arachidonic apcroidtecinassc, aindebrmaianrkoefrsH, IaVn-1d trreadnusgceednicsyrnaatsptic E Jagadeesh Sridhara Rao1*, Hyung-Wook Kim1, Matthew Kellom1, Dede Greenstein2, Mei Chen1, L Andrew David Kraft3, Gaylia Jean Harry3, Stanley Isaac Rapoport1 and Mireille Basselin1 C Abstract I Background: Cognitive impairment has been reported in human immune deficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected patients as well as in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats
The HIV-1 Tg rat may be a useful model for understanding progression and treatment of cognitive impairment in HIV-1 patients
Data are expressed as the relative level of the target gene (IL-1b, TNFa, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD11b, cPLA2IVA B, sPLA2-IIA, iPLA2-VIA, COX-1, COX-2, membrane prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES), cytosolic PGES (cPGES), 5, 12, and 15-LOX, thromboxane synthase (TXS), cytochrome p450 epoxygenase, drebrin or neurofilament-L) in the brain of the HIV-1 Tg rat normalized to the endogenous control (b-globulin) and relative to the control
Summary
Increased neuroinflammatory and arachidonic apcroidtecinassc, aindebrmaianrkoefrsH, IaVn-1d trreadnusgceednicsyrnaatsptic E Jagadeesh Sridhara Rao1*, Hyung-Wook Kim, Matthew Kellom, Dede Greenstein, Mei Chen, L Andrew David Kraft, Gaylia Jean Harry, Stanley Isaac Rapoport and Mireille Basselin C Abstract I Background: Cognitive impairment has been reported in human immune deficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected patients as well as in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats. This impairment has been linked to neuroinflammation, disturbed. R Methods: We measured protein and mRNA levels of markers of neuroinflammation and the AA cascade, as well as A pro-apoptotic factors and synaptic proteins, in brains from 7- to 9-month-old HIV-1 Tg and control rats
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