Abstract
Facing more and more severe global warming problems, renewable energy, as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, is attracting more and more attentions due to its capability of reducing carbon emission. This paper considers two-tier HetNets with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), where the macro base station (MBS) is powered by power grid and small base stations (SBSs) have hybrid energy supplies. Through smart grid, SBSs can share their renewable energy with each other. We consider the problem of cross-layer interference caused by spectrum reuse, the burst of user data, and the randomness of renewable energy arrivals. Through energy cooperation, this paper investigates maximizing the time-average energy efficiency of SBSs. Based on user data queue and SBS energy queue, the optimal problem is decoupled into two subproblems by Lyapunov optimization: resource allocation subproblem and energy scheduling and energy cooperation subproblem. By solving two subproblems, the online solution to the optimization problem is obtained. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, both user data queues and energy queues have an upper bound, the network is stable, and the proposed algorithm performs better than the basic algorithm without energy cooperation.
Highlights
With the dramatic increase of smart devices, a high burden will be posed on the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, which are expected to provide user equipment (UE) with ubiquitous service
It is widely known that, in order to meet the requirements of 5G wireless networks, the heterogeneous network (HetNet), where various small cells are densely underlaid in a macro cellular network, is a promising technique to achieve more spectrum-efficient and energy-efficient communications
Based on the above solution, we further present the distributed algorithm for joint resource scheduling and energy cooperation in interference-constrained HetNets powered by hybrid energy, which is shown in Algorithm 1
Summary
With the dramatic increase of smart devices, a high burden will be posed on the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, which are expected to provide user equipment (UE) with ubiquitous service. Reference [16] proposed a hybrid energy sharing framework for cellular network, where a combination of physical power lines and energy trading with other BSs using smart grid is used. (1) Firstly, considering a two-tier downlink HetNet with hybrid energy supplies, we jointly optimize the resource allocation, energy scheduling, and energy cooperation with the burst of user data, the crosslayer interference constraints, and the random renewable energy arrivals. Leveraging Lyapunov optimization technique, an online algorithm that decides transmission power allocation, subcarrier assignment, discharging and charging of the storage devices, energy cooperation among SBSs, and on-grid energy consumption is developed after several decompositions.
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