Reply From Authors: How a cell dies matters and how to evaluate it also matters

Abstract

The authors reported no conflicts of interest.The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.This study aimed to investigate the effect of necrosulfonamide (NSA), a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) inhibitor, on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a simple and validated in vivo model. NSA treatment showed a protective effect on pulmonary IRI, because of improvement of physiological parameters and histological findings and a lower level of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the NSA-treated group.1Ueda S. Chen-Yoshikawa T.F. Tanaka S. Yamada Y. Nakajima D. Ohsumi A. et al.Protective effect of necrosulfonamide on rat pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of necroptosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022; 163: e113-e122Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google ScholarWe adopted double-labeling with cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) to evaluate necroptotic/apoptotic cells, as previously described by others.2Dong W. Zhang M. Zhu Y. Chen Y. Zhao X. Li R. et al.Protective effect of NSA on intestinal epithelial cells in a necroptosis model.Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 86726-86735Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar TUNEL-positive and caspase–3-negative cells were defined as necroptotic cells.2Dong W. Zhang M. Zhu Y. Chen Y. Zhao X. Li R. et al.Protective effect of NSA on intestinal epithelial cells in a necroptosis model.Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 86726-86735Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar As Lin and colleagues reported in a “Letter to the Editor,”3Lin Y. Li H. Li J. Gu H. Li P. Caspase-independent programmed cell death is not necessarily necroptosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2022; 11: 349Scopus (1) Google Scholar this method might count other cell death that is caspase-independent such as ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a recently established mode of programmed cell death that is dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides. A decrease in TUNEL-positive and caspase–3-negative cells might indicate a decrease in ferroptosis as well as necroptosis, however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no specific markers that are applicable in rat lung tissue to distinguish ferroptosis from other types of cell death. In the past, in experimental reports describing IRI,4Li W. Feng G. Gauthier J.M. Lokshina I. Higashikubo R. Evans S. et al.Ferroptotic cell death and TLR4/Trif signaling initiate neutrophil recruitment after heart transplantation.J Clin Invest. 2019; 129: 2293-2304Crossref PubMed Scopus (168) Google Scholar, 5Wang X. O’Brien M.E. Yu J. Xu C. Zhang Q. Lu S. et al.Prolonged cold ischemia induces necroptotic cell death in ischemia-reperfusion injury and contributes to primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2019; 61: 244-256Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar cell death inhibited by necrostatin-1 and ferrostatin-1 was defined as necroptosis and ferroptosis, respectively. Necrostatin-1 inhibits receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) and NSA inhibits MLKL, which is the downstream of RIPK1 and regulates necroptosis. We concluded that the protective effect of NSA on pulmonary IRI was mainly caused by the inhibition of MLKL-mediated cell death, namely, necroptosis. A decrease in other types of cell death such as ferroptosis and apoptosis might be observed as a result of attenuated lung damage in the NSA-treated group.How a cell dies matters and how to evaluate it also matters. In the future, it is necessary to find a way to more rigorously distinguish necroptosis from ferroptosis and other cell death to advance research on programmed cell death that is applicable in various settings of experimental models. The authors reported no conflicts of interest.The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest. The authors reported no conflicts of interest. The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest. This study aimed to investigate the effect of necrosulfonamide (NSA), a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) inhibitor, on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a simple and validated in vivo model. NSA treatment showed a protective effect on pulmonary IRI, because of improvement of physiological parameters and histological findings and a lower level of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the NSA-treated group.1Ueda S. Chen-Yoshikawa T.F. Tanaka S. Yamada Y. Nakajima D. Ohsumi A. et al.Protective effect of necrosulfonamide on rat pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of necroptosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022; 163: e113-e122Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar We adopted double-labeling with cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) to evaluate necroptotic/apoptotic cells, as previously described by others.2Dong W. Zhang M. Zhu Y. Chen Y. Zhao X. Li R. et al.Protective effect of NSA on intestinal epithelial cells in a necroptosis model.Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 86726-86735Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar TUNEL-positive and caspase–3-negative cells were defined as necroptotic cells.2Dong W. Zhang M. Zhu Y. Chen Y. Zhao X. Li R. et al.Protective effect of NSA on intestinal epithelial cells in a necroptosis model.Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 86726-86735Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar As Lin and colleagues reported in a “Letter to the Editor,”3Lin Y. Li H. Li J. Gu H. Li P. Caspase-independent programmed cell death is not necessarily necroptosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2022; 11: 349Scopus (1) Google Scholar this method might count other cell death that is caspase-independent such as ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a recently established mode of programmed cell death that is dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides. A decrease in TUNEL-positive and caspase–3-negative cells might indicate a decrease in ferroptosis as well as necroptosis, however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no specific markers that are applicable in rat lung tissue to distinguish ferroptosis from other types of cell death. In the past, in experimental reports describing IRI,4Li W. Feng G. Gauthier J.M. Lokshina I. Higashikubo R. Evans S. et al.Ferroptotic cell death and TLR4/Trif signaling initiate neutrophil recruitment after heart transplantation.J Clin Invest. 2019; 129: 2293-2304Crossref PubMed Scopus (168) Google Scholar, 5Wang X. O’Brien M.E. Yu J. Xu C. Zhang Q. Lu S. et al.Prolonged cold ischemia induces necroptotic cell death in ischemia-reperfusion injury and contributes to primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2019; 61: 244-256Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar cell death inhibited by necrostatin-1 and ferrostatin-1 was defined as necroptosis and ferroptosis, respectively. Necrostatin-1 inhibits receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) and NSA inhibits MLKL, which is the downstream of RIPK1 and regulates necroptosis. We concluded that the protective effect of NSA on pulmonary IRI was mainly caused by the inhibition of MLKL-mediated cell death, namely, necroptosis. A decrease in other types of cell death such as ferroptosis and apoptosis might be observed as a result of attenuated lung damage in the NSA-treated group. How a cell dies matters and how to evaluate it also matters. In the future, it is necessary to find a way to more rigorously distinguish necroptosis from ferroptosis and other cell death to advance research on programmed cell death that is applicable in various settings of experimental models. Caspase-Independent programmed cell death is not necessarily necroptosisJTCVS OpenVol. 11PreviewHow to regulate cell death has always been an important means for people to intervene in the development of disease and improve prognosis. With the development of research, the mechanism of caspase-independent programmed cell death has been improved continuously, including the necroptosis and the ferroptosis, which is defined as a mode of caspase-independent regulated necrosis that is dramatically characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation.1 It is reported that ferroptosis is governed by 3 antioxidant axes, ie, the cyst(e)ine/GSH/GPX4 axis, the GCH1/BH4/DHFR axis, and the FSP1/CoQ10 axis, all of which are fueled by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Full-Text PDF Open Access