Abstract
The wastewater of the industrial production of artificial sweetener sucralose contained an average 1100 mg/L of total organic carbon (TOC) with 2100 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand and 10 mg/L of biological oxygen demand. Biodegradability of the wastewater components was low due to chlorinated organic substances. The combined chemical and biological treatment of this wastewater in the bioreactors with hematite iron ore removed up to 70% of TOC. About 20% of TOC was removed quickly by adsorption on iron ore particles, but adsorption/precipitation of others up to 50% of TOC was due to ferrous/ferric ions and hydroxides produced during microbial reduction and dissolution of iron ore. The calculated dosage of iron ore with 150 regeneration cycles could be 46.7 g/L of wastewater. Thus, the treatment of wastewater with iron ore and iron-reducing bacteria diminished the quantity of granulated activated carbon that is used in the treatment of sucralose production wastewater by up to 70%.
Highlights
The sequential bioreduction of Fe3+ and theoxidation of Fe2+ can be used for the numerous environmental and geotechnical engineering applications [1,2]
The samples, which can serve as potential sources of enrichment cultures of halotolerant iron-reducing and fermenting bacteria, were as follows: (a) the mangrove swamp sediment samples were used as it is known that halotolerant iron-reducing bacteria are the common inhabitants of marine and mangrove swamp sediments; (b) the sediment from the bottom of small embayment of the Dead Sea in Jordan
The mechanism of recalcitrant organics removal from the wastewater of sucralose production is an adsorption of the polarized chlorinated organic substances on the positively charged particles of ironoxides produced after the dissolution of the iron ore surface
Summary
The sequential bioreduction of Fe3+ and the (bio)oxidation of Fe2+ can be used for the numerous environmental and geotechnical engineering applications [1,2]. The major steps of the patented technology are the sequential anaerobic bioreduction of ferric (hydr)oxides and aerobic (bio)oxidation of Fe2+ ions Both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions could be hydrolyzed and precipitated as ferrous/ferric hydroxide or react with organic and inorganic substances forming insoluble compounds. These reactions can be widely used for the removal of phosphate from water and wastewater [4,5,6,7], the biodegradation of estrogens in wastewater [8], the enhancement of anaerobic treatment of fat-containing wastewater [9,10] and wastewater containing sulphate [11,12,13,14], and to decrease the hydraulic conductivity of soil or sand using biogrout containing iron [15,16]. A priori, this technology could be used to remove the polarized recalcitrant halogenated compounds from water and wastewater due to their precipitation by positively charged ferric and ferrous ions, as well as due to adsorption on both positively and negatively charged ferric and ferrous (hydr)oxides that are produced as shown in the following equations:
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