Abstract
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) to provide different grid services is becoming possible due to the increased penetration levels, mileage efficiencies, and useable battery sizes of EVs. One such application is providing reliability-as-a-service (RaaS) during short-term power outages. Instead of using a dedicated backup power source, EVs can be contracted to provide RaaS, which is an environmentally friendly solution with benefits for both building owners and EV owners. However, the presence of EVs at a particular location during different hours of the day and the availability of energy from EVs is uncertain. Therefore, in this study, a suitability analysis is performed concerning the use of EVs to provide RaaS for different types of buildings. First, the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) survey data are used to estimate driver behavior, such as arrival/departure times, daily mileage, and traveling duration. Then, the usable battery size and mileage efficiency of EVs is extracted from the database of commercially available EVs. Based on these parameters, the daily energy consumption and available energy of EVs to provide RaaS are estimated. A suitability analysis is conducted for residential, commercial/industrial, and mixed buildings for both weekdays and holidays. The participation ratio of EV owners is varied between 10 and 90%, and nine cases are simulated for commercial/industrial buildings and multi-unit residential buildings. Similarly, the ratio of home-based EVs is varied between 5 and 50%, and 10 cases are tested for mixed buildings. The analysis shows that mixed buildings are the most suitable, while commercial/industrial buildings are the least suitable for using EVs to provide RaaS. To this end, an index is proposed to analyze and determine the desired ratio of EVs to be contracted from homes and workplaces for mixed buildings. Finally, the impact of EV fleet size on the available energy for RaaS is also analyzed.
Highlights
A continuous supply of electricity is required in all sectors to run daily routine activities and to keep critical services functional during loss of connection with the grid
Where EVs during their stay at home (Enah) and Enaw are the available amount of energy to be used for RaaS in electric vehicles (EVs) n at home and workplace, respectively
A large set of driver behavior data is analyzed to extract relevant parameters, and parameters of electric vehicles are extracted from the database of commercially available electric vehicles
Summary
A continuous supply of electricity is required in all sectors to run daily routine activities and to keep critical services functional during loss of connection with the grid. A stochastic analysis is required to determine the potential of using EVs to provide RaaS Several factors, such as EV parameters (battery size, mileage efficiency, and SoC), EV driver behavior (daily mileage, arrival and departure times, required energy for upcoming trips, etc.), building types (residential, commercial/industrial, and mixed), and day types (working days and holidays) must be considered. This information can be used to determine the suitability of RaaS usage of EVs for different building types.
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