Abstract
Simple SummaryDogs have distinct personalities, meaning differences between individuals that persist throughout their lives. However, it is still unclear what traits are required to define the whole personality of dogs. Personality and unwanted behavior are often studied using behavioral questionnaires, but researchers should ensure that these questionnaires are reliable and valid, meaning that they measure the behavior traits they were intended to measure. In this study, we first examined what traits define a dog’s personality. We discovered seven personality traits: Insecurity, Training focus, Energy, Aggressiveness/dominance, Human sociability, Dog sociability and Perseverance. We also studied six unwanted behavior traits: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, aggression (including barking, stranger directed aggression, owner directed aggression and dog directed aggression), fear of surfaces and heights, separation anxiety, and impulsivity/inattention (including hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention). We examined the reliability of these traits by asking some dog owners to answer to the questionnaire twice, several weeks apart, and by asking another family member to answer the questionnaire of the same dog. Furthermore, we studied the validity of these traits by forming predictions based on previous literature. Based on our results, this personality and unwanted behavior questionnaire is a good tool to study dog behavior.Dogs have distinct, consistent personalities, but the structure of dog personality is still unclear. Dog personality and unwanted behavior are often studied with behavioral questionnaires. Even though many questionnaires are reliable and valid measures of behavior, all new questionnaire tools should be extensively validated. Here, we examined the structure of personality and six unwanted behavior questionnaire sections: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, aggression, fear of surfaces and heights, separation anxiety and impulsivity/inattention with factor analyses. Personality consisted of seven factors: Insecurity, Training focus, Energy, Aggressiveness/dominance, Human sociability, Dog sociability and Perseverance. Most unwanted behavior sections included only one factor, but the impulsivity/inattention section divided into two factors (Hyperactivity/impulsivity and Inattention) and the aggression section into four factors (Barking, Stranger directed aggression, Owner directed aggression and Dog directed aggression). We also examined the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability and convergent validity of the 17 personality and unwanted behavior traits and discovered excellent reliability and validity. Finally, we investigated the discriminant validity of the personality traits, which was good. Our findings indicate that this personality and unwanted behavior questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool that can be used to study personality and behavior extensively.
Highlights
Animal personality traits are behavior traits that are relatively stable over time and across contexts [1,2,3]
We developed an adjective-based dog personality questionnaire using a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches
The dog personality structure we obtained from our questionnaire included seven traits: Insecurity, Training focus, Aggressiveness/dominance, Energy, Dog sociability, Human sociability and Perseverance
Summary
Animal personality traits are behavior traits that are relatively stable over time and across contexts [1,2,3]. The structure of personality in different animal species interests researchers. It is still unclear what traits form personality in dogs, as different studies have discovered a different number of traits [6]. The well-validated Dog Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) consists of five personality factors: Fearfulness, Aggression towards people, Aggression towards animals, Activity/excitability, and Responsiveness to training [7]. Jones and Gosling [6] categorized traits measured in different studies to six wider domains: activity, which mostly involves motor activity; aggression, including both human directed and dog directed displays of aggressive behavior; sociability, including social behaviors towards both humans and other dogs; responsiveness to training, which includes the tendency to stay focused, willingness to work with people and quickness of learning; submissiveness, the opposite of dominance; and fearfulness, involving reactivity
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