Regulations on Voluntary Services

The banking system of the People’s Republic of China: selected aspects The reform of Chinese banking system was undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During this structural change, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China departed the ministry and became a separate entity. The People’s Bank of China was formally established as the central bank in 1983 by the State Council. As a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping China underwent a change of monobank system to two-tier banking system. Moreover, the function of the People’s Bank of China as a central bank was formally confirmed in 1995 when the third Plenum of the National People’s Congress adopted The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is the supervisor of the financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. The central government established this institution in March 2003. The State Council is the leadership of the CBRC. The main functions of the China Banking Regulatory Commission is the formulation of supervisory rules and regulations concerning the Chinese banking institutions, the authorization of the establishment, changes of the financial institutions and also the compilation and publishing of the statistics and reports of the banking industry

At the Fifty-seventh Session of the Standing Committee of the State Council held in Beijing today, presided over by Premier Li Peng, the "(Draft) Law of Higher Education of the People's Republic of China" and the "(Draft) Law of Flood Prevention for the People's Republic of China" were discussed and ratified in principle. At the same time, the State Council also reviewed and passed in principle the "(Draft) Regulations for the Supervision of Public Security Organs."

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established on October 1, 1949, and it is governed by a single-party system, The Communist Party of China (CCP). The president is also the Chinese Communist Party’s leader. The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) new Constitution was approved in 1982. The Presidency of the People’s Republic of China, the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the National People’s Congress, the Political Consultative Conference of the People of China, the Supreme Court, and the Attorney General are the central organs of the state. Although PRC does not define itself as a federal state, it has five autonomous regions, territories, counties, rural towns, and it has created some constitutional governance understanding for these local governments. NGOs are recently developing in China. China is also leading country about artificial intelligence and high techs.

Since the beginning of this century, a new round of fundamental education curriculum reforms has been promoted widely. One key foundation of the curriculum reform has been to speedup the process of IT education and to promote the integration of IT into the mathematics curriculum. According to the Basic Education Curriculum Reform Outline (Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China, 2001a), National Medium Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010–2020) (The State Council, 2010), Education Information Decade Development Plan (2011–2020) (Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China, 2012a), and The National Education Development of The 12th Five-year Plan (Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China, 2012b), it is necessary to continue collectively to advance the deepening of understanding, implementation, and promotion of IT to be used widely in the teaching process. To achieve the changes, it has been necessary to improve the presentation of teaching content, the methods of students’ learning, teaching strategies, and the teacher–student interaction modes in order to fully implement the advantages of IT and provide a variety of educational environments and powerful learning tools for students’ learning and development (Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China, 2001b).

The article analyzes the main provisions of the monograph “Modern Chinese State. Vol. 1: Basic Institutions of State Power and Administration”, published in 2022 by the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the context of the problematization of scholarly studies of Chinese law. The authors of the article give a brief description of the main issues disclosed in the monograph, such as: administrative divisions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); population control and registration; the judicial system of the People’s Republic of China; the Public Prosecutor’s Office; control (supervisory) committees; and so on. At the same time, attention is focused on those provisions of the monograph that contribute to the search for solutions to problematic issues relevant to lawyers studying the law of the People’s Republic of China. This is, in particular, about the lawmaking of the state bodies of the PRC with the understanding of the role of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in this activity, on the Legal Status of the President of the People’s Republic of China, on the Nature of CPC Acts, as well as Joint Acts of the Central Party Organs and the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, on the role of judicial acts in the light of the system of sources of Chinese law. A number of areas of legal regulation have been identified, where the experience of the People’s Republic of China can be used in lawmaking and law enforcement in the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the monograph systematizes and increases knowledge about the state-legal reality of the PRC, allows to achieve a better understanding of the law of China.

On 26 October 2019, the 14th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress passed and promulgated the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Cryptography Law”) which shall be effective as of 1 January 2020. Prior to that, the rules of high legislation hierarchy on cryptography administration could be traced back to the Regulations on the Administration of Commercial Cryptography (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations”) promulgated by the State Council in October 1999. Thereafter, the State Cryptography Administration and the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft for Comment) and the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) (hereinafter referred to as the “Cryptography Law (Draft)”) respectively on 5 April 2017 and 5 July 2019. The Cryptography Law which is based on the Cryptography Law (Draft) and has improved the same fills the long-standing legal gap in the field of cryptography and is the first comprehensive law on cryptography administration in our country. By comparing the following articles, we will analyze the main changes of the Cryptography Law against the Regulations and the Cryptography Law (Draft) and its connection with the existing relevant laws and regulations, so as to show the evolution of China’s cryptography regulatory system and its approaches of “regulation” and “deregulation”.

CHAPTER 31 - Accounting, Auditing and Education in the People's Republic of China

Strengthening actions for caring as a core component of nursing in the People's Republic of China.

Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Foreign Investment Law), as adopted at the 2nd Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March 15, 2019, has been issued and come into force on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law replaced Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises, and Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures (hereinafter referred to as the “three laws on enterprise investment”), became the basic law in the field of foreign investment, and opened a new chapter in the field of foreign investment. It is worth noting that Premier Li Keqiang of the State Council clearly stated that investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan could refer to or apply the Foreign Investment Law. Therefore, the importance of the Foreign Investment Law to companies in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan cannot be underestimated. What must foreign and Taiwanese companies do in face of the Foreign Investment Law? We would like to point out six things in particular.

In the history of the People’s Republic of China we see two waves of foreign experts who contributed to China’s becoming a self-reliant, modern industrialized country. The first wave took place in the 1950s when experts from the Soviet Union and other Eastern Europe countries were dispatched to China. The second wave, beginning in the 1960s, was mainly driven by experts, workers and technicians from the Western capitalist countries. In the early days of the P. R. C, the arrival of a large number of Soviet experts precipitated the systems established by the CCP Central Committee and the State Council in order to manage issues related to the foreign experts. Under the leadership of a bureau within the State Council that was responsible for these issues, the system incorporated government organizations both at the central and local levels, including those established by Central ministries and commissions. Under the principle of “equal treatment,” the Chinese government made policies concerning payment and benefits for experts from capitalist countries, using as reference the standards observed in the Soviet Union and other East European countries in the mid-1950s. From the time when Soviet and East European experts departed China to 1966, the Chinese government still adhered to the principles of “seeking common ground” and “different approaches towards internal and external issues,” respectively. The approach of the Chinese government was largely cost efficient.

This paper outlines the current problems of the different levels of Chinese administrative reforms implemented in the first three decades from 1978–1979 to 2008–2009. The discipline of legal sinology is a relatively new scientific field in Hungary and we have adopted its methods in the research leading to this study. The first and second parts of the study are based on the grounds of the most modern historical sources on the antecedents of the reforms. The third part of this work analyses the reform of the State Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. The most important result of this process was the recognition and protection of basic human rights under the State Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. The fourth part highlights recent administrative reforms from period to period. The administrative reform included the reform of the State Council (Government of the People’s Republic of China), as a result of which the number of the staff of the State Council diminished from 51,000 to 16,700. The final part of this study introduces the reforms of Civil Law. In 1949, the Guomindang Laws (inclusive of the Civil Code) were suspended by Chinese Communists; therefore, putting the new Civil Code into force was urgently necessary. The Draft Civil Code was completed in 2004.

The article covers a poorly studied topic about the sources of museum science study. The authors of the article rely on the prominent Russian researcher S.O. Schmidt’ opinion that the elaboration of source study is a guarantor of the accuracy of historical knowledge. They used Schmidt's scientific classification of sources and applied it to identifying and systematizing the sources of study of Liaoning Paleontological Museum in China. The article deals with such typological groups of sources as written, material, visual and electronic sources. The group of written sources includes legislative acts and documents of office-work. Such important act documents as the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics contain the information on museum work and protection of cultural values. Orders and resolutions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China, and the National Administration of Cultural Heritage Regulations include this information as well. The administrative documents of the leadership of Shenyang Pedagogical University, in which the Liaoning Paleontological Museum was opened in 2011, have no small importance too. The Charter of the Academic Committee of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum has direct relation to the creation and activities of the museum at Shenyang University. Documents of officework were deposited in the archival funds of the Liaoning Museum. They include planning materials, and reports on the activities of the museum departments. The reports on the search and conservation of fossils, on work with museum visitors, on cooperation between the museum and schools in Liaoning Province contain an important information about Liaoning Museum. The article characterizes a group of material sources that play a major role in the formation of the source base for Liaoning Museum study. These are paleontological fossils – samples of flora and fauna of antiquity. The museum contains 30158 paleontological fossils. The author reported that 707 fossils are of unique scientific value and are authentic sources of study of the museum. Visual sources include photographs, restoration drawings and sculptures made of resin of fossil samples. These historical monuments are used in the museum exposition; contain important information about the activities of the museum. Electronic sources and multimedia resources are created in order to popularize scientific knowledge about the ancient world of China, they are used in working with visitors, contain important information about the museum and its collections. The identified and characterized sources have a high degree of reliability, they are distinguished by information saturation. They provide a solid documentary base for the study of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum.

This article highlights the processes of education reform in the People's Republic of China (PRC) associated with the transition to a new stage of civilizational development, from an industrial to an information digital society. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the new stage of education reform in China. The following methods were used in the article: an empirical research method, such as analysis of open sources, official documents, publications in the state media of the People's Republic of China, as well as expert assessments of scientists from Russia, Singapore, Australia and island China. The method of qualitative analysis – in-depth interview was also applied. It was noted that there is a continuous search for new approaches to education that would be competitive in the global market, but at the same time taking into account national specifics. One of the main documents referred to by the authors in the study is "Opinions on standardization of the development of educational institutions off-campus", published in July-August 2021 from the General Staff of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. These documents were adopted in order to optimize the education system of the People's Republic of China, which was strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The main goal of the "Opinions" is the need to improve the quality of school and higher education, as well as the standardization of extracurricular education in the centers of additional education. These measures are aimed at improving the quality of education in the country. The article provides brief reviews of articles by foreign scientists and highlights the main points of the laws with the main excerpts from a number of provisions on the role of teachers in China. The adoption of new reforms in China, as well as the situation with COVID-19 in the world, affected the activities of foreigners working in kindergartens and additional education centers, who remained inside the country during the pandemic. This law imposed a complete ban on the activities of educational institutions, thereby leaving foreigners without a basic source of income abroad. This article presents a number of in-depth interviews with young professionals with experience in teaching foreign languages in China. The interview was conducted on the condition of complete anonymity, all the names in the article have been changed. It was found that the information received from the respondents has a certain value, as it allows us to assess how the reforms in the field of education have affected not only the Chinese themselves, but also foreigners working in China. During the interview, the main conclusions were drawn, presented in the form of graphs and diagrams that allow you to visually assess the results of the study. This article covers the events that have been taking place in China since the summer of 2021 to the present day, this is its scientific novelty, since "Opinions" have introduced a number of significant changes into the Chinese education system that have not yet been fully studied, and their impact on Chinese society has not been fully revealed.

Chairman, vice chairpersons, secretary-general, and members, empowered by the State Council, I hereby provide an explanation of the Labor Law (Draft) of the People's Republic of China (hereafter referred to as Labor Law).

China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) has been in force for over six and half years. This article argues that there has been a gradual yet perceptible change in the quality and intensity of AML enforcement over the years, with the fifth anniversary of the AML’s effectiveness as the somewhat arbitrary ‘turning point’. Indeed, over the past few years, the normative work—in terms of drafting AML implementing rules and guidance—of the three antitrust authorities has decreased, while the handling of actual enforcement cases has increased. Moreover, the cases investigated have become more high profile: the investigation by the National Development and Reform Commission against Qualcomm, the action by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce against Microsoft, and the prohibition by the Ministry of Commerce of the P3 transaction symbolize this trend. I . INTRODUCTION China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) has been in force for over six and half years. In August 2013, the AML’s five-year anniversary since its foundation was celebrated. In a way, the AML’s fifth anniversary marked a qualitative change in the implementation and enforcement of the AML—the initial phase of laying the groundwork for antitrust enforcement had come to an end. If we were to use merger control jargon, we would say that AML enforcement entered into ‘phase 2’. In this article, we will summarily examine the AML’s history during its first five years of operation, briefly go through the most recent developments, and describe existing achievements and challenges. We will do so by looking at each of the three antitrust agencies with AML enforcement powers, as well as the courts, separately. When the AML was enacted in August 2007, the law provided for an unidentified ‘anti-monopoly enforcement authority’ (or authorities) under the State Council to be in charge of the enforcement work. Shortly after the law came into force a year * Xiaoye Wang, Distinguished Professor of Law at Hunan University and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Member of the Consultative Expert Panel of the Anti-Monopoly Commission under the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Email: wangxiaoye88@live.cn † Adrian Emch, Partner at Hogan Lovells in Beijing, and lecturer at Peking University. Email: adrian.emch@hoganlovells.com. The author would like to thank LYU Qing and CONG Shan for their help in preparing this article. 1 Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China [2007] Presidential Order No 68, 30 August 2007. 2 Maureen K Ohlhausen, ‘Illuminating the Story of China’s Anti-monopoly Law’ [2013] Antitrust Source 12.