Abstract
This study analyzed the trends of extreme daily rainfall indices over the Indochina Peninsula from 1960 to 2007. The trends were obtained from high-resolution gridded daily rainfall data compiled by APHRODITE with coordinates of 4°N–25°N and 90E°–112°E. The indices were selected from the list of climate change indices recommended by ETCCDI, which is a joint group of WMO CCl, CLIVAR and JCOMM. The indices are based on the number of heavy rainfall days (≥10 mm), number of very heavy rainfall days (≥20 mm), number of extremely heavy rainfall days (≥25 mm), consecutive dry days (<1 mm), consecutive wet days (≥1 mm), daily maximum rainfall, five-day maximum rainfall, annual wet-day rainfall total, Simple Daily Intensity Index, very wet days, and extremely wet days. The indices were simulated by calculating different extreme characteristics according to wet and dry conditions, frequency, and intensity. Linear trends were calculated by using a least squares fit and significant or non-significant trends were identified using the Mann–Kendall test. The results of this study revealed contrasting trends in extreme rainfall in eastern and western Indochina Peninsula. The changes in extreme rainfall events in the east primarily indicate positive trends in the number of heavy rainfall days, very heavy rainfall days, extremely heavy rainfall days, consecutive wet days and annual wet-day rainfall total, with significant trends at times. These events correlated with the northeastern monsoon that influences the Indochina Peninsula from October to February annually. The results in the west primarily indicate negative trends in consecutive wet days, where significant trends were correlated with decreasing number of annual wet-day rainfall total, heavy rainfall days, very heavy rainfall days, and extremely heavy rainfall days. Daily maximum rainfall, five-day maximum rainfall, very wet days, and extremely wet days show random positive (negative) significant (non-significant) trends, while the simple daily intensity index shows positive trends that dominate the southern part of the Indochina Peninsula, with some grids show significant trends.
Highlights
Uncertainty of monsoons over the past decade has resulted in climate variability and disastrous floods in the Indochina Peninsula countries
The Indochina Peninsula is an area in Southeastern Asia, including Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, and small parts of Malaysia
Studies on extreme climate events have been conducted in areas, such as in Asia [2,3], Europe [4], America [5,6], Africa [7], and Australia [8,9,10], which typically were preceded by workshops coordinated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI)
Summary
Uncertainty of monsoons over the past decade has resulted in climate variability and disastrous floods in the Indochina Peninsula countries. The Indochina Peninsula is an area in Southeastern Asia, including Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, and small parts of Malaysia. Many disastrous events resulting from extreme rainfall occur in this area, including the Upper Mekong Countries of China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and in the northeastern, central and southern parts of Malaysia [1]. Studies on extreme climate events have been conducted in areas, such as in Asia [2,3], Europe [4], America [5,6], Africa [7], and Australia [8,9,10], which typically were preceded by workshops coordinated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). A team was formed by the Commission on Climate Variability and predictability (CLIVAR) under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
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