Reduction of low-grade manganese dioxide ore pellets by biomass wheat stalk

Abstract

An investigation on reducing low-grade manganese dioxide ore pellets was carried out by using wheat stalk as reductant. The main impact factors of reduction percent such as particle size, biomass/ore ratio, heating rate, nitrogen flow rate, temperature and time in reduction process were discussed. The morphology and component of manganese dioxide ore particle at different stages were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results show the increase of the reduction temperature and time, biomass/ore ratio, and the decrease of particle size, heating rate and nitrogen flow rate can significantly enhance reduction efficiency. The reduction kinetic of the manganese ore is controlled by three-dimensional mass diffusion of gaseous reductive volatiles passing from the surface to the core of the ore particles. The activation energy E and frequency factor A were calculated to be 24.15 kJ·mol−1 and 166 min−1, respectively. Biomass pyrolysis volatiles adsorbed onto the surface of the ore particle leads to serious variation of the microstructures and chemical composition of the manganese ore particles.