Reduced visual exploration when viewing photographic scenes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often display enhanced attention to detail and exhibit restricted behavior. However, due to a lack of comprehensive eye-movement modeling techniques, it is currently unknown whether these behavioral effects are also evident during scene viewing (i.e., detailed visual inspection and restricted visual exploration). Free-viewing eye-tracking data from observation of everyday photographic scenes were recorded during 2 experiments involving high-functioning adolescents with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) controls (Experiment 1, ASD n = 14; TD n = 22; Experiment 2, ASD n = 16; TD n = 23). Data from both experiments were combined and analyzed using 5 novel methods of eye-tracking, time-course analysis, enabling detailed characterization of viewing strategies. Participants' verbal descriptions of scenes were also assessed. Scenes either contained a centrally positioned person whose face was in full view or contained no centrally positioned face. For both types of scene, ASD participants displayed significantly less exploration of new areas over time compared with their TD peers. Analyses of scan-path length and recursion suggested a greater tendency to explore areas close to the current fixation in the ASD group, termed visual persistence. Differences were not accounted for by fixation rate. Significantly more areas within the scenes were also missing from the verbal descriptions in the ASD group. Differences were observed for both scene types, suggesting a domain-general difference rather than a specific impairment related to face processing. The observed characteristic viewing patterns may explain relative superior processing of local level information in individuals with ASD.