Abstract
Green space, mainly forests, shrubs, and grasslands, provides essential ecosystem services for human well-being. Based on multi-source data and using the Maximum Entropy model and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, this research comprehensively assesses the supply and demand of recreational services from green space in Beijing. The supply of recreational services in Beijing is influenced by natural and human factors, showing large spatial variability. The supply level of mountainous areas with good natural geographical conditions and intact ecological landscape is significantly higher than that of plain areas with reduced vegetation and overexploitation. Residents have a high demand for recreational services in green space landscape and low demand in non-green space landscape. The quantitative balance pattern of supply and demand varies greatly, and most areas show the state of undersupply. The spatial matching pattern of supply and demand varies significantly too, and the mismatch is apparent. Spatial allocation should be more carefully considered than the aggregated supply and demand. Differentiated development strategies such as ecological reshaping, ecological development, restoration, and protection should be implemented for different areas in the future of planning and management in urban green areas. This will optimize and balance the supply-demand matching pattern for recreational services and promote the effective improvement of ecosystem service functions and residents’ ecological welfare.
Highlights
Green space plays an important role in improving the living environment for residents and maintaining the balance of the urban ecosystem [1,2]
The Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was applied for the first time to assess and map the supply of recreational services from green spaces
Some studies have indicated that the MaxEnt model can provide robust results in assessing and mapping the supply of cultural/recreational services of landscapes [21,29] and farmlands [17]
Summary
Green space plays an important role in improving the living environment for residents and maintaining the balance of the urban ecosystem [1,2]. Existing studies have mostly used monetization methods such as the willingness-to-pay method [6], conditional valuation method [7], and travel cost method [8] to quantitatively evaluate the supply and demand of recreational services. These methods might not pay adequate attention to geographic conditions and could not reveal information on the spatial distribution of the supply and demand, or the interaction between socioeconomic context and physical geographic features. Political ecology researchers focus on using historical and geographic approaches to research natural-social phenomena They pay particular attention to studying who benefits, who pays, and equity among stakeholders [13]. The analysis was combined with the socioeconomic and physical geographic characteristics of different regions to reveal the interrelationship and conflict between nature and society
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