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Abstract
Simple SummaryLong-term hypersaline stress can induce coagulation disorders and splenomegaly and down-regulate the complement pathway in tilapia, which can increase risk in healthy breeding. As a prebiotic, β-glucan dietary supplementation can significantly reduce enlarged spleen resulting from hypersaline stress. The hematological aspects of the red blood cell count, hematocrit, red cell distribution width, platelet count, and plateletcrit were also decreased by supplementation with dietary β-glucan. In the spleen and intestine, β-glucan intake significantly decreased the high expression of immune-related genes due to hypersaline stress resulting from β-glucan intake in tilapia. β-glucan supplementation also significantly increased the abundance of beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Phycicoccus, and Rikenellaceae in the intestine. In summary, β-glucan intake can relieve tissue damage and optimize the intestinal microbiota of tilapia in brackish water and improve fish health.Long-term exposure to hyperosmotic environments can induce severe immune damage and increase risk in tilapia breeding. As an effective immunoregulator, β-glucan has attracted extensive attention in nutritional research and given rise to high expectations of improving health status and alleviating organismal damage in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in brackish water. In this study, an 8-week cultivation experiment was conducted on tilapia fed a basal diet or diets with β-glucan supplementation in freshwater (control) and brackish water. Growth performance, hematological aspects, immune cytokine expression, and the intestinal microbiota of tilapia were analyzed. The results indicated that supplementation with β-glucan significantly reduced the enlarged spleen of tilapia resulting from hypersaline stress. Tilapia fed β-glucan showed significantly-greater decreases in the red blood cell count, hematocrit, red cell distribution width, platelet count, and plateletcrit than those fed the basal diet. β-glucan significantly decreased the high expression of immune-related genes in the spleen induced by hyperosmotic stress. In the intestine, the high migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2) and IL-1β gene expression induced by hypersaline stress was significantly reduced. β-glucan supplementation also significantly increased the abundance of beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Phycicoccus, and Rikenellaceae. Therefore, dietary β-glucan supplementation can significantly reduce spleen enlargement and improve immune function in tilapia in brackish water. β-glucan intake can also optimize the intestinal microbiota of tilapia in brackish water and improve fish health.
Highlights
As a biologically-active immunomodulator, β-glucan is a ubiquitous component of fungi, yeast, oats, and seaweed [1]. β-glucan can be recognized by the innate immune system, which plays an essential role in host defense [2]
In addition to its effective immunomodulatory properties, β-glucan is a typical fiber digested by intestinal enzymes to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [14]
There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG) or survival among all treatments
Summary
As a biologically-active immunomodulator, β-glucan is a ubiquitous component of fungi, yeast, oats, and seaweed [1]. β-glucan can be recognized by the innate immune system, which plays an essential role in host defense [2]. The positive effect of β-glucan is found in various aquatic animals under stress conditions. In Litopenaeus vannamei, dietary β-glucan can significantly improve growth performance and induce higher respiratory burst and higher richness of probiotics in the intestine versus basal diets at low salinity [11,12]. Dietary β-glucan supplementation can improve intestinal microbiota communities in Cyprinus carpio [17], Scophthalmus maximus [18], Rutilus Frisii kutum [19], and Cyprinus carpio L [20]. Β-glucans can increase the dominance of the intestinal microbiota richness in L. vannamei under the conditions of ammonia and low-salinity stress [12,21] Dietary β-glucan supplementation can improve intestinal microbiota communities in Cyprinus carpio [17], Scophthalmus maximus [18], Rutilus Frisii kutum [19], and Cyprinus carpio L [20]. β-glucans can increase the dominance of the intestinal microbiota richness in L. vannamei under the conditions of ammonia and low-salinity stress [12,21]
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