Recent developments in surface modification of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI): Remediation, toxicity and environmental impacts

Abstract

Environmental cleanup technologies followed by sustainable development mainly concern about two most important factors i.e. cost effectiveness and eco-toxicity. In terms of this, nano zerovalent iron or iron nanoparticles based technology is found very promising. It is relatively cost-effective and easily adoptable as compare to others because it comprises considerable surface area, prominent reductive nature, elevated transportation ability & suitability for in-situ applications. In spite of this, nano zerovalent iron has some adverse effects on living organisms. Surface modification of nano zerovalent iron (iron nanoparticle) is an alternative approach to optimize and secure the remediation mediated by nano zerovalent iron. Surface modified nano zerovalent iron (iron nanoparticle) has shown enhanced stability and mobility as well as weakened agglomeration and environmental toxicity. This paper has summarized and argued about the recent developments in the surface modification (surface modification approaches) of iron nanoparticles its necessities and its positive or negative influences on living organisms. The paper also discusses about the toxicity of nano zerovalent iron (iron nanoparticle), probable mechanisms responsible for their toxicity and its influences on biotic environment.