Abstract
New male contraceptive methods would expand male and female contraceptive alternatives and enhance male contraceptive agency. Since 1969, a program for developing contraceptives has been financed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which also continues to fund the majority of hormonal male contraceptive development today. Also, the early stages of non-hormonal techniques start to develop. The hormonal male contraceptive methods, include testosterone undecanoate injection plus norethisterone enanthate injection, implants of testosterone plus depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, testosterone enanthate injection, and other testosterone-based methods. The non-hormonal methods, include novel hormone-free substances such as retinoic acid inhibitors, sperm ion channel blockers, and vasal peristalsis blockers. The review provides insights into the efficacy, safety, and potential side effects of each method, and highlights the current state of research and development in the field of male contraception.
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