Abstract
Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is associated with muscle loss function and often untreated and considered part of the natural sequelae of trauma. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and properties have been developed to treat VML. However, much work remains yet to be done before the scaffolds can pass from the bench to the bedside. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the construction and application of natural polymers-based tissue scaffolding for volumetric muscle injury. Here, the tissue engineering approaches for treating volumetric muscle loss injury are highlighted and recent advances in cell-based therapies using various sources of stem cells are elaborated in detail. An overview of different strategies of tissue scaffolding and their efficacy on skeletal muscle cells regeneration and migration are presented. Furthermore, the present paper discusses a wide range of natural polymers with a special focus on proteins and polysaccharides that are major components of the extracellular matrices. The natural polymers are biologically active and excellently promote cell adhesion and growth. These bio-characteristics justify natural polymers as one of the most attractive options for developing scaffolds for muscle cell regeneration.
Highlights
Skeletal muscle dysfunctions can be caused by acquired disorders of muscle, genetic, cachexia (e.g., HIV, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), sarcopenia or injury [1,2]
The present review provides a short overview of skeletal muscle structure and organization, volumetric muscle loss along with recent advances in tissue engineering scaffolds to treat the VML
Considering all the challenges posed by Embryo4n.1ic.1S. tEemmbCryeollnsi(cESStCems) Cells (ESCs) and adult MSCs, it is worth exploring the potential of fetal-derived stem cells obtained from the human amniotic fluid as an alternative for cell-based therapy
Summary
Skeletal muscle dysfunctions can be caused by acquired disorders of muscle (e.g., inflammation, toxic, endocrine), genetic (e.g., muscular dystrophy or congenital myopathy), cachexia (e.g., HIV, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), sarcopenia or injury [1,2]. Synthetic polymers are an attractive class of materials in the biomedical fields, especially in tissue scaffolds, due to their useful traits and can be tailored to meet specific mechanical properties, porosity and degradation time according to their application requirements. Compared with its synthetic counterparts, natural polymers are often components in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a macromolecular network present within cells This makes natural polymer is mostly biocompatible with less inflammatory response, providing a conducive environment for cells proliferation. The natural polymer-based scaffold properties are expected to closely resemble those of the ECM macromolecular network that offers mechanical stability and structural integrity to tissue and organ. The present review provides a short overview of skeletal muscle structure and organization, volumetric muscle loss along with recent advances in tissue engineering scaffolds to treat the VML. Future direction and challenges in the field of severe skeletal muscle injury are examined
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