Abstract
The extensive use of chromium by several industries conducts to the discharge of an immense quantity of its various forms in the environment which affects drastically the ecological and biological lives especially in the case of hexavalent chromium. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are useful devices for chromium determination. In the last five years, several sensors based on the modification of electrode surface by different nanomaterials (fluorine tin oxide, titanium dioxide, carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles and nanocomposite) and biosensors with different biorecognition elements (microbial fuel cell, bacteria, enzyme, DNA) were employed for chromium monitoring. Herein, recent advances related to the use of electrochemical approaches for measurement of trivalent and hexavalent chromium from 2015 to 2020 are reported. A discussion of both chromium species detections and speciation studies is provided.
Highlights
Chromium is a metallic element, that has been extensively used in various industries, such as those of steel, coating, manufacturing of alloys, tannery of hides, galvanoplasty, treatment of wood and the dying industry [1]
The wider pH range, the wider linear range and the lowest detection limit were obtained by sensor 2 thanks to the presence of chlorinated MWCNTs that possibly increases the conductivity and improve the linear range, while shortest response time was obtained by sensor 1 which exhibits higher performance for Cr(III) detection than sensor 2 owing to the strong interaction between Cr(III) and 3-Methylpyrazol-5-one leading to smaller fluctuations in the potential difference
There are few studies concerning the determination of trivalent chromium due to its negligible toxicity comparing to hexavalent chromium
Summary
Chromium is a metallic element, that has been extensively used in various industries, such as those of steel, coating, manufacturing of alloys, tannery of hides, galvanoplasty, treatment of wood and the dying industry [1]. While the atomic absorption spectroscopy is based upon the quantitative determination of different chemical elements at their atomic form in the gaseous state via measuring their absorption of optical radiation The use of these techniques presents several drawbacks such as expensive cost, the need for a qualified person, the complexity of materials and the different steps required for the analysis. As stated in Scopus, there is a noteworthy increase in the published scientific papers on electrochemical methods for the determination of chromium species. This increase may owe to the numerous advantages of the electrochemical approaches against the conventional ones (Figure 1). The number of papers published since 2015 is equivalent to the total number of papers published before 2015 and this review appears timely to update our knowledge on current electrochemical detection of chromium
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