Abstract
During the panic, hens of white egg crosses, which are generally characterized by excessive timidity, immediately resort to escape and hysterically fight against the partitions and other elements that enclose the territory of their stay. It leads to numerous injuries, bleeding in the liver and ovaries, peritonitis, mass physiological anovulations and other disorders of the ovulatory cycles, and thus -at overcrowding, ie at 26 and 28 hens/m2, respe to reduction or stop of egg production and even death. Therefore, it is the level of egg production that determines and evaluates the reaction of the body of hens to acute stress in the first place, also for the immediate elimination of its stimulus. With regard to chronic stress, its diagnosis is complicated by the subtle current effects on the body of laying hens. However, with prolonged and cumulative action of the stimulus, it also causes significant material losses. The lack of a significant number of eggs under uncomfortable conditions of keeping hens during the year is probably a consequence of their being in a state of chronic stress. However, the possibility and effectiveness of its detection by the level of laying hens, especially at the beginning of the stimulus, has not been studied yet. This is especially true of situations that arise when the density of laying hens in cages. The urgency of detecting chronic stressors by the egg laying capacity of hens is also connected with the lack of objective data on the amount of material losses during their operation. Due to it and the attempt to obtain as many food eggs as possible from 1 m2 of available technological areas, some of their powerful producers resort to keeping the laying hens in the cages of multitiered batteries and even at higher densities, ie not at the densities recommended by the developer of the cross, but at higher ones established by the domestic standards. Therefore, the aim of the experiment was to determine the response of the reproductive system of hens to the intensity of chronic stressors formed by keeping them in cages of 12-tier batteries at a slightly higher density. To do it, on the conditions of a modern complex of the alimentary egg production 3 groups of laying hens of industrial herd of the cross «Hy-Line W-36» were formed, each was kept in a separate poultry house-analogue (area 2463.3 m2) with 12-tier cages batteries «Salmet», consisting of 30912 cages with the area of 0.392 m2. Hens of the 1st (control) group were kept at a density of 23 hens/m2 in accordance with domestic standards, and the 2nd and 3rd groups – at overcrowding, ie at 26 and 28 hens/m2, respectively. The effect of chronic stress on hens was determined by standard zootechnic and morphological methods of measuring their egg production, preservation, live weight and weight of eggs, strength and thickness of the shell, intensity of yolk color, etc. It was found that in accordance with the domestic requirements the normative density of keeping (23 hens/m2) of the hens of the cross «Hy-Line W-36» does not provide their inherent productivity, which should be at least 262.2 eggs per initial laying hen within 62 weeks of life (and at the density of keeping in the range of 13–20 hens/m2). In particular, in hens of group 1 it was (231.4 eggs/hen), ie it was 11.7% lower. Preservation of hens of group 1 (91.3%) also did not reach the normative level (96.4%). The increase in the intensity of chronic stressors, namely the increase in the density of hens of groups 2 and 3 to 26–28 hens/m2, led to a corresponding reaction of their body, in particular, to a decrease in egg productivity (up to 220.8–227.2 pcs/hen.) and preservation (up to 88.4–91.1%). This increase in the density of laying hens in the cages of 12-tier batteries to 26–28 hens/m2 (by 4–27% relative to domestic standards) provides for obtaining of 1.6–5.2 thousand more eggs from 1 m2 of poultry area, but under conditions of reduction of the level of the European coefficient of efficiency of their production. Thus, it was found that overcrowding of hens of the industrial flock of egg cross «Hy-Line W-36» is a chronic stressor, which causes a decrease not only in egg production due to ovulatory cycles, but also their viability and efficiency of egg production in general.
Highlights
Laying hens of modern egg crosses under optimal living conditions are able to lay up to 365 eggs per year (Guidelines for the maintenance of the final hybrid Hy-Line W-36, 2019), which is possible with daily ovulation of a new egg
Stressful situations require the body to spend extra energy to adapt to new living conditions, changes in instinctive behavior, which leads to a decrease in egg production by 19.3–28.8% due to violations of the ovulatory cycle, their viability and egg quality (Mashaly et al, 2004; Kim et al, 2015; Fisinin & Kavtarashvili, 2015)
As for the density of hens in cages, in accordance with domestic standards (VNTP-APK-0.4.05) it should be in the range of 22–25 hens/m2, and according to the requirements of the cross developer's guide (Hy-Line W-36 Final Hybrid Content Guide, 2019) – in the range of 13–20 hens/m2 (490–750 cm2/hen) and with the supply of the feeding front not less than 7.0 cm2/hen
Summary
Laying hens of modern egg crosses under optimal living conditions are able to lay up to 365 eggs per year (Guidelines for the maintenance of the final hybrid Hy-Line W-36, 2019), which is possible with daily ovulation of a new egg. New relations between laying hens in stressful situations arising from keeping them in sections of the poultry house in large groups (1–2 thousand hens) are more significant than in small ones (3–30 hens) – when keeping them in cages (Kicheeva et al, 2019) These new relationships are mostly caused by the struggle for dominance in the herd or in a certain area and can turn from one behavioral form to another depending on the situational conditions of existence (Favati et al, 2014). The effectiveness of detecting chronic stress in the laying level of hens, especially at the beginning of the stimulus, has not been studied yet This applies to stimuli formed by increasing the density of laying hens in cages. The aim of the study was to determine the response of the reproductive system of hens to the intensity of chronic stressors, formed by keeping them in cages of 12-tier batteries at a slightly higher density
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