Abstract
The mycoflora of winter wheat seed consists of various fungi that differ as to the parasitism rate. Their harmfulness is connected with their phytotoxic action and ability to produce mycotoxins. Assuming that essential oils have an effective antifungal impact, we studied the effectiveness of 13 essential oils which were produced by LLC "Aromatyka", Ukraine (cinnamon, orange, peppermint, rosemary, vervain, ylang-ylang, sandal, fennel, lavender, eucalypt, bergamot, frankincense, and geranium) on securing of a group of fungi from winter wheat seeds. The seed mycoflora of Bogdana variety harvested in 2017-2020, which was grown in the North- Eastern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine (Sumy oblast), was analyzed. A fungi complex analysis was made on the media PGA. The impact of essential oils on seed germinating ability and the length of wheat sprouts on the 7th day has been determined. A longterm studying of seed treatment by essential oils showed their effects on mycoflora formation. These plants affected not only the fungi amount but also changed their secure spectrum. The studies admit a negative impact of fungi on seed germination and plant development. The highest seed germination equaled 95% under its treatment with rosemary and orange oils. However, under seed treatment with rosemary oil, there appeared Fusarium sp. and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., which harms seed germination. Orange oil has increased the number of fungi of Penicillium sp. The best results (based on three indices) had sandal oil, under which the fungus colony has increased half, and seed germination equaled 61%, the sprout length was maximal when applying other oils (58.8 mm). The essential oils which fully inhibited seed and fungi development (cinnamon, fennel, vervain, geranium) were determined. The study of two of them as fungicides for treatments at the beginning of wheat flowering proved a similar effect to falcon on the change of the internal seed mycoflora.
Highlights
The genus Adonis L. is composed of perennial and annual herbaceous plants included in the tribe Adonideae T
Subsection Vernales Poschkurl. and characterized by thick short rhizomes and black-brown adventitious roots; erect or ascending, simple or branching, up to 15 cm high at flowering, up to 30–40 cm high at fruiting, with 3–6 scaly leaves up to 3 cm long, one-flowered or multi-flowered stems; straight or slightly curved, rounded, slightly ribbed stem; imparipinnate, 2- or 3-pinnatifid, with narrow lanceolate, acute or obtuse segments; upper leaves are smaller, second-order dissection basal leaves; 5, greenish-gray, lavender sepals; 5–12, 2.0–3.0 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm wide, obovate or rounded and narrowed at the base, mostly overlapping, yellow petals; numerous, 3.5–5.0 mm long, greenish-brown, densely pubescent stamens; almost at the apex of the ovaries, often more or less displaced to the dorsal suture stylodia (Fig. 1B). This species is distributed in the north-eastern part of European Russia, West, Middle and East Siberia, Russian Far East: south-west of Amur Oblast', Middle Asia, Mongolia, China. – Dry meadows, forest glades, and among forbs (Poshkurlat, 2000)
A possible effect of secondary metabolites on the binding of the intercalating dye was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence of Allium fistulosum L. leaf samples prepared as described above, but with the addition of the supernatant from Adonis samples centrifuged without propidium iodide (PI) (Erst et al, 2020b; Mitrenina et al, 2020)
Summary
The genus Adonis L. is composed of perennial and annual herbaceous plants included in the tribe Adonideae T. Characterized by thick short rhizomes and black-brown adventitious roots; erect or ascending, simple or branching, up to 15 cm high at flowering, up to 30–40 cm high at fruiting, with 3–6 scaly leaves up to 3 cm long, one-flowered or multi-flowered stems (extremely rarely); straight or slightly curved, rounded, slightly ribbed stem; imparipinnate, 2- or 3-pinnatifid, with narrow lanceolate, acute or obtuse segments; upper leaves are smaller, second-order dissection basal leaves; 5 (rarely up to 7), greenish-gray, lavender sepals; 5–12 (sometimes up to 15), 2.0–3.0 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm wide, obovate or rounded and narrowed at the base, mostly overlapping, yellow petals; numerous, 3.5–5.0 mm long, greenish-brown, densely pubescent stamens; almost at the apex of the ovaries, often more or less displaced to the dorsal suture stylodia (Fig. 1B) This species is distributed in the north-eastern part of European Russia, West, Middle and East Siberia, Russian Far East: south-west of Amur Oblast', Middle Asia, Mongolia, China. Adonis apennina is referred to as Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb. (Wang, 1994b), but the first name is nomenclature priority (Sennikov, 1998)
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