Abstract
Raynaud phenomenon is an episodic, exaggerated vascular response to cold or emotional stimuli, typically involving the fingers. Raynaud phenomenon is classified as either primary or secondary which is often associated with autoimmune disease as described in this review. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic studies are discussed, including evaluation of digital pressure response to cooling, evaluation that differentiates Raynaud phenomenon from other ailments affecting perfusion to the digits, and nailfold capillaroscopy if secondary Raynaud phenomenon is suspected. Management of Raynaud phenomenon is discussed, including lifestyle modification and many different medical therapies that have been studied in this disease process. Interventional procedures are also discussed. Guidelines to assist in the treatment of both primary and secondary Raynaud phenomenon are provided. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 52 references. Key words: calcium channel blockers, capillaroscopy, cold intolerance, digits, discoloration, Raynaud phenomenon, vasospastic
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
