Abstract
Raynaud phenomenon is an episodic, exaggerated vascular response to cold or emotional stimuli, typically involving the fingers. Raynaud phenomenon is classified as either primary or secondary which is often associated with autoimmune disease as described in this review. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic studies are discussed, including evaluation of digital pressure response to cooling, evaluation that differentiates Raynaud phenomenon from other ailments affecting perfusion to the digits, and nailfold capillaroscopy if secondary Raynaud phenomenon is suspected. Management of Raynaud phenomenon is discussed, including lifestyle modification and many different medical therapies that have been studied in this disease process. Interventional procedures are also discussed. Guidelines to assist in the treatment of both primary and secondary Raynaud phenomenon are provided. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 52 references. Key words: calcium channel blockers, capillaroscopy, cold intolerance, digits, discoloration, Raynaud phenomenon, vasospastic
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