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Abstract
Alkaloids represent the main antinutritional factor in lupins. The total content and qualitative composition of four major alkaloids in L. angustifolius L. were analyzed. The material included 329 accessions from the Polish collection divided into three classes of origin: wild lines, cultivars, and other man-made accessions. A very broad differentiation was found in terms of total alkaloid content—from 0.0005 to 2.8752 % of seed dry weight. In most cases, cultivars were characterized by a sharply decreased content of alkaloids, even below 0.01 % of seed dry weight. The average proportions of individual alkaloids were also very differentiated: lupanine—0.98 to 73.0 % of total alkaloid content (mean 46.4 %), 13-hydroxylupanine—15.6–71.1 % (mean 35.6 %), angustifoline—0–49.8 % (mean 15.5 %) and isolupanine—0–34.0 % (mean 2.5 %). The above mean values are probably typical for this species. In some accessions, lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine accounted for 90–100 % of all major alkaloids. The average content of isolupanie (2.5 % of all alkaloids) allows it to be consider a major alkaloid of L. angustifolius, but quite frequently a ratio below 1 % or even its absence was stated. The three classes of origin were divided into three significantly different groups based on total alkaloid content as well as individual alkaloid content. Among wild lines, high alkaloid accessions were most numerous, but among cultivars it was low alkaloid accessions. The last class also contained numerous accessions with the lowest content of individual alkaloids. The influence of the content of individual alkaloids on total alkaloid content was also investigated in the wild lines and cultivars.
Highlights
Lupins are grown for their green mass as a manure and animal fodder and for their seeds as human food and animal fodder
Wild accessions of narrow-leafed lupin contain 0.4–3.0 % of alkaloids in the dry weight of their seeds and 0.3–0.5 % in the dry weight of their green forage (Swiecicki and Swiecicki 1995; Brummund and Swiecicki 2011)
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) regulations divide cultivars into two groups: sweet and bitter—based on the colorimetric method (UPOV Guidelines 2004)
Summary
Lupins are grown for their green mass as a manure and animal fodder and for their seeds as human food and animal fodder. Wild accessions of narrow-leafed lupin contain 0.4–3.0 % of alkaloids in the dry weight of their seeds and 0.3–0.5 % in the dry weight of their green forage (Swiecicki and Swiecicki 1995; Brummund and Swiecicki 2011). Low alkaloid narrowleafed lupins were selected by Sengbusch in 1927/1928 and genes responsible for low alkaloid content (iucundus, depressus and esculentus) were presented by Hackbarth and Troll (1956). The gene iuc (iucundus) decreases alkaloid content in seeds to approximately 0.06 % of their dry weight, the gene deper (depressus) gives a very low alkaloid content (about 0.01 % of the seeds’ dry weight), while es (esculentus) leads to an intermediate alkaloid content (Hackbarth and Troll 1956). A cultivar description quite often presents a precise alkaloid content in seeds, for example in 2013 1.165 % of the dry weight for bitter cv.
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