Abstract
Given the importance of the reproduction field combined with the use of the Pulsed-Wave (PW) ultrasound in the clinical routine, this study aims to review the application of this diagnostic method in the reproductive tract of females and males of the canine species. A narrative review was carried out by using scientific articles, monographs, dissertations and thesis published and available in online databases: Periodical Capes (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and Google Scholar, in addition to specific books on the topic. In female dogs, Doppler ultrasound can be used to evaluate hemodynamic conditions in the estrous cycle (e.g. estimating day of ovulation and fertility, diagnosing early pregnancy, abnormalities, and fetal stress, thus ensuring greater obstetric safety) and identification of diseases, thereby avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions. In male dogs, however, Doppler ultrasound is mainly used in vascular evaluations in order to identify hemodynamic changes due to occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), most common disease of the prostate and in the assessment of testicular arteries to better understand spermatogenesis and diseases that affect the testicle. In this review, we demonstrate that the use of Doppler mode ultrasound, especially the PW, allows dynamic analysis in clinical examination and complements important information in the diagnosis and treatment of different reproductive disorders in dogs.
Highlights
The knowledge on canine reproductive physiology has considerably increased over the years, as well as diagnostic methods to assist veterinarians (Jitpean et al, 2017; Hagman, 2018)
Given the importance of the reproduction field combined with the use of the Pulsed-Wave ultrasound in the routine, this study aims to review the application of this diagnostic method in the reproductive tract of females and males of the canine species
According to the methodology cited by Pinto et al (2021), studies that did not address the main theme under analysis were excluded, as well as articles with opinions that were not supported by research data
Summary
The knowledge on canine reproductive physiology has considerably increased over the years, as well as diagnostic methods to assist veterinarians (Jitpean et al, 2017; Hagman, 2018). The Pulsed-Wave (PW) ultrasound has become part of the routine evaluation of the reproductive system in several species, as the study of hemodynamics and flow characteristics provides important information for understanding morphological and physiological aspects of it. The blood flow parameters analysis includes mainly the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the end diastolic velocity (EDV), which give rise to the dopplervelocimetric index of resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI), allowing the understanding of the vascular bed compliance Variations in these indices help to identify transformations in the compliance of the vascular bed under study, associated with parenchymal dysfunctions or characterization of disease malignancies, complementing information on the prognosis (Carvalho et al, 2008; Nogueira et al, 2017). Given the importance of the reproduction field combined with the use of the Pulsed-Wave ultrasound in the routine, this study aims to review the application of this diagnostic method in the reproductive tract of females and males of the canine species
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