Abstract
Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938) was an intellectual who aimed to revive the status of the human self within the context of post-enlightenment shifts in society. He posited a model of the human self, known as Khudi, which, through continuous efforts and action, has the capacity to obtain the status of divine vicegerency. This process, requiring self-discipline and awareness, focuses on overcoming the demands of the lower self, or the nafs. Iqbal presents a conceptualization of the nafs, similar to his predecessors in the Islamic tradition, with the goal of taming it, overcoming its natural demands, and perfecting it to serve as a vehicle towards the ultimate goal of divine vicegerency. This paper builds on a previously published paper by Khan and Malik (2021) that presented Iqbal’s model of self-development by further expounding on the conceptualization of the nafs.
Published Version
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