Abstract
The ability of cells to respond rapidly to fluctuations in environmental conditions such as thermal stress, pH, hypoxia, exposure to radiation, chemicals and a number of other factors is important for competitive fitness, adaptation and cell survival. To understand the dynamics of the complex metabolic pathways involved, various approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, kinetics and biochemical information are appropriate. Proteomics is useful for evaluating the expression profiles of proteins, their post-translational modification and interactions between molecules. This review summarizes recent proteomics data examining the effects of different stress conditions on central carbon metabolism (CCM) in microorganisms. Data, primarily on enzymes involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathways, were extracted from various sources, analyzed and are presented herein. Many proteomics analyses show that particular stress conditions affect the expression of specific enzymes of CCM or their pathways. Taken together, proteomic studies provide both an opportunity and a challenge for the study of the global regulation of CCM protein expression, posttranslation control of enzymes, and consequently the global regulation of enzymes under different stress conditions.
Highlights
The ability of cells to respond rapidly to fluctuations in environmental conditions such as thermal stress, pH, hypoxia, exposure to radiation, chemicals and a number of other factors is important for competitive fitness, adaptation and cell survival
An additional role of the PP pathway is to protect the cell against oxidants, for example during oxidative stress central carbon metabolism (CCM) is reconfigured and the metabolic flux reroutes from glycolysis into the PP pathway, allowing the cell to generate more of the antioxidant cofactor NADPH [23]
This review summarizes current knowledge about enzymes of the central carbon metabolic pathways that are changed by different stress conditions and are investigated by proteomics studies
Summary
The widespread availability of genome sequences and knowledge of the analysis methods in systems biology provide an opportunity to improve our understanding of complex biological systems. The metabolism of carbohydrates requires the activity of enzymes of the central carbon metabolic network that include the glycolytic pathway, oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Figure 1). These three basic pathways provide the reduced compounds needed to fuel the electron transport chain and catalyze adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation via oxidative phosphorylation. An additional role of the PP pathway is to protect the cell against oxidants, for example during oxidative stress CCM is reconfigured and the metabolic flux reroutes from glycolysis into the PP pathway, allowing the cell to generate more of the antioxidant cofactor NADPH [23]. The TCA cycle is followed by oxidative phosphorylation during which the energy contained within reduced cofactors, NADH and QH2, is used to fuel the proton gradient that provide energy for the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell
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