Abstract
BackgroundHaliotis diversicolor is commercially important species. The trochophore and veliger are distinct larval stages in gastropod development. Their development involves complex morphological and physiological changes. We studied protein changes during the embryonic development of H. diversicolor using two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and label-free methods, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS), and Mascot for protein identification.ResultsA total of 150 2-DE gel spots were identified. Protein spots showed upregulation of 15 proteins and downregulation of 28 proteins as H. diversicolor developed from trochophore to veliger larvae. Trochophore and veliger larvae were compared using a label-free quantitative proteomic approach. A total of 526 proteins were identified from both samples, and 104 proteins were differentially expressed (> 1.5 fold). Compared with trochophore larvae, veliger larvae had 55 proteins upregulated and 49 proteins downregulated. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in shell formation, energy metabolism, cellular and stress response processes, protein synthesis and folding, cell cycle, and cell fate determination. Compared with the 5 protein (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, 14–3-3ε, profilin, actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin) and calreticulin) expression patterns, the mRNA expression exhibited similar patterns except gene of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase.ConclusionOur results provide insight into novel aspects of protein function in shell formation, torsion, and nervous system development, and muscle system differentiation in H. diversicolor larvae. “Quality control” proteins were identified to be involved in abalone larval development.
Highlights
The protein spots identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS)/MS in the abalone larvae with normalized % spot volumes calculated from the protein differential abundances, functions, and processes are summarized in Additional file 3: Table S3
Among the differential abundance proteins identified, proteins from 15 Gene Ontology (GO) functional categories were upregulated and proteins from 28 GO functional categories were downregulated between the protein samples from the trochophores and veligers (Fig. 2)
Most downregulated proteins were involved in stress response (5 proteins including thioredoxin peroxidase 1, thiol peroxiredoxin and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase), nucleic acid metabolism (4 proteins including dUTPase and inosine 5′-phosphate dehydrogenase 1), cellular proliferation, development (2 proteins including actin depolymerisation factor/cofilin), calcium ion binding (2 proteins including calreticulin and calmodulin 2), transport (2 proteins including outer membrane protein A precursor and charged multivesicular body protein 4c), iron storage (2 proteins including ferritin and soma ferritin), protein degradation (2 proteins including BRAFLDRAFT_260175 and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14), and transcription
Summary
The trochophore and veliger are distinct larval stages in gastropod development. Their development involves complex morphological and physiological changes. We studied protein changes during the embryonic development of H. diversicolor using two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and label-free methods, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS), and Mascot for protein identification. Some of gastropod larval development includes a pelagic phase (trochophore and veliger) and a benthonic phase. The trochophore and veliger are morphologically and behaviorally distinct developmental stages. Complex morphological and physiological processes occur during the transition between these stages. Morphological differences in the development of gastropod larvae have been reported [1,2,3]. The small abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Archaeogastropoda) is a commercially important
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