Abstract
Simple SummaryChina’s livestock industry has been transforming from traditional extensive systems to highly intensive systems. Highly intensive livestock production often causes immune stress to animals, which makes them more susceptible to infections. The aim of this study was to examine whether resveratrol alleviates inflammation in lambs. Results showed that resveratrol attenuated the LPS-evoked inflammatory responses in lambs by suppressing expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and blocking NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Based on these studies, resveratrol has the potential to be a promising therapeutic reagent for multiple inflammatory illnesses caused by immune stress. Highly intensive livestock production often causes immune stress to animals, which makes them more susceptible to infections. The aim of this study was to examine whether resveratrol (Res) alleviates inflammation in lambs. In Experiment 1, 16 male lambs were injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at an initial dose of 0.25, 1.25, and 2.5 μg/kg body weight (BW) for 9 days. Average daily gain and blood parameters were measured and clinical symptoms were recorded. In Experiment 2, 20 male lambs were injected intravenously with LPS (0 mg/kg) + Res (0 mg), LPS (2.5 μg /kg) + Res (0 mg, 82.5 mg, 165 mg, 330 mg), 4 h after LPS injection. Jugular blood was collected from each lamb to determine white blood cell (WBC) counts and the expression of inflammatory genes. In Experiment 1, all LPS-treated lambs showed clinical signs of sickness including rhinorrhea, lethargy, and shivering, and systemic inflammatory responses of increased inflammatory genes levels and cortisol concentration. The lambs had increased respiratory and heart rates and rectal temperature and decreased average daily gain and feed intake. In Experiment 2, resveratrol significantly reduced WBCs and the expression levels of several genes associated with inflammation response (TLR4, NF-κB, c-jun) and inhibited the signaling cascades of NF-κB and MAPKs by down-regulating the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) induced by LPS. Resveratrol attenuated the LPS-evoked inflammatory responses in lambs by suppressing expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, and blocking NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Highlights
China’s livestock industry has been transforming from traditional extensive systems to highly intensive systems
Livestock are vulnerable to immune stress under intensive conditions, which can lead to infections and outbreaks of animal epidemics [1]
It binds to the CD14/Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4)/MD2 receptor complex initiating the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
Summary
China’s livestock industry has been transforming from traditional extensive systems to highly intensive systems. LPS is a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and a chief member of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns [5]. It binds to the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex initiating the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). It stimulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), causing pathological reactions such as inflammation, fever, and shock to the body [3,6]. Inhibition of the expression of inflammatory factors or inflammatory genes is an important target for preventing or treating various diseases
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