Abstract
Modern application techniques ensure that Pesticide reaches the target in satisfactory coverage and therefore reduces losses and environmental pollution. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO / UN (2001) safety and quality standards for pesticide sprayers do not exist in all countries and even the existing standards for this type of equipment are often inappropriate for many countries. The present study is specified for orchards which could be considered as a nationalized version of the international standards applied already in the developed countries after re-adaptation to our local conditions, orchard varieties, climatic and social conditions, etc. This investigation depends on local data about this subject were collected by means of questionnaires covering five governorates in the delta and upper Egypt. The second part is the proposed standard and recommendations supporting the bio-efficacy of best control in a clean environment. The standard was divided from the general scheme of work to be followed strictly by the pest control team in order to a chive the required satisfactory results and explanatory guidelines, consists of four parts: 1- Legislation of the pesticides, spraying techniques; 2- Determination and adjustment of proper spray parameters and calibration; 3- Technical requirement of sprayer/atomizer and test procedure and 4- Obligatory (compulsory) check of the spraying machines and its components as, well the assisting ground services. The most important recommendation to achieve satisfactory pest control results is to take immediate and serious action towards the official legislation of the whole aspect of the spraying application techniques used in Egypt, which include: Certification of spraying machines, licensing of the applicator, and obligatory checks on spraying operation and machine performance; to define and adjust proper spray parameters capable to give the required optimum coverage on the treated fruit trees.
Highlights
The cultivated area with fruit trees in Egypt is exceeding 1.8 million feddans representing 9.8% of the total cultivated areas during the year 2018
In other words, optimizing the misused application techniques should provide to a significant increase in fruit production from all ways had been made like Jeppsns (1953), ripper (1955) Morgan (1964), Morgan, (1969) and Mapother, (1970) Carman and Jeppson (1974) Carm an, (1975) Salyani et al, (1990) many investigations were made by thermal foggers on mango trees against fruit flies Hindy et al (1995) and Gazia et al (2019) investigation was made against phyllo cnistis citrella and means
According to FAO, 2001 safety and quality standards for pesticides sprayers do not exist in all countries and even the acting international standards are often inappropriate for many countries
Summary
The cultivated area with fruit trees in Egypt is exceeding 1.8 million feddans representing 9.8% of the total cultivated areas during the year 2018. The principal aim of the standard is to inform manufacturers and sellers of spraying equipment and pesticides farmers, applicators, and agricultural environmental authorities with a practical and consistent quality assurance system in order to maximize the – efficacy of pest control results and minimize contamination with pesticides to the allowable level possible. This investigation includes two main parts; local data were collected by means of a questionnaire covering representative regions in Delta and Upper Egypt. The second part of the work is the standard applicable for orchards in addition to a certain supporting recommendation
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
