Prelims

Abstract

Citation (2023), "Prelims", Culvin, A. and Bowes, A. (Ed.) Women’s Football in a Global, Professional Era (Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. i-xvii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-052-820230019 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2023 by Emerald Publishing Limited Half Title Page Women's Football in a Global, Professional Era Series Title Page Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender Series Editor: Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada Editorial Board: Doug Booth, University of Otago, New Zealand; Jayne Caudwell, Bournemouth University, UK; Delia Douglas, University of British Columbia, Canada; Janice Forsyth, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Tara Magdalinski, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Jaime Schultz, Pennsylvania State University, USA; Heather Sykes, University of Toronto, Canada; Beccy Watson, Leeds Beckett University, UK Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in order to problematise traditional binary thinking that classifies individuals as male or female, rather than looking at the full gender spectrum. In sport contexts, this is a particularly relevant and controversial issue, for example, in the case of transgendered athletes and female athletes with hyperandrogenism. The concept of sport is interpreted broadly to include activities ranging from physical recreation to high-performance sport. The interdisciplinary nature of the series will encompass social and cultural history and philosophy as well as sociological analyses of contemporary issues. Since any analysis of sport and gender has political implications and advocacy applications, learning from history is essential. Contributors to the series are encouraged to develop an intersectional analysis where appropriate, by examining how multiple identities, including gender, sexuality, ethnicity, social class and ability, intersect to shape the sport experiences of women and men who are Indigenous, racialised, members of ethnic minorities, LGBTQ, working class or disabled. We welcome submissions from both early career and more established researchers. Previous Volumes Gender, Athletes' Rights, and the Court of Arbitration for Sport – Helen Lenskyj Running, Identity and Meaning: The Pursuit of Distinction Through Sport – Neil Baxter Sports Charity and Gendered Labour – Catherine Palmer The Professionalisation of Women ' s Sport: Issues and Debates – Edited by Ali Bowes and Alex Culvin Sport, Gender and Mega-Events – Edited by Katherine Dashper Sport, Gender and Development: Intersections, Innovations and Future Trajectories – Lyndsay M. C. Hayhurst Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and Governance – Edited by Philippa Velija and Lucy Piggott Justice for Trans Athletes: Challenges and Struggles – Edited by Ali Durham Greey and Helen Jefferson Lenskyj Forthcoming Volume Trans Athletes ' Resistance: The Struggle for Justice in Sport – Edited by Ali Greey and Helen Jefferson Lenskyj Title Page Women's Football in a Global, Professional Era Edited by Alex Culvin Leeds Beckett University, UK And Ali Bowes Nottingham Trent University, UK United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China Copyright Page Emerald Publishing Limited Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK First edition 2023 Copyright © 2023 by Emerald Publishing Limited. Reprints and permissions service Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-80071-053-5 (Print) ISBN: 978-1-80071-052-8 (Online) ISBN: 978-1-80071-054-2 (Epub) List of Tables Chapter 3 Table 1. Participation of Clubes de Camisa (Major Teams) in the Top Two Tiers of Brazilian Women's Football (Serie A1 & Serie A2). Chapter 4 Table 1. Overview of Data Sources in the Chapter. Table 2. Football Players in Norway, Gender, Age in 2020. Chapter 14 Table 1. Location of Articles in Each Newspaper. Table 2. Frequency of Infantilisation in Each Newspaper. About the Contributors Hussa K. Al-Khalifa holds a PhD from Loughborough University. Hussa's research focusses on the management and applications of Sport for Development and Peace initiatives aimed at women in general and in the Arabian Gulf region more specifically. Her research interests include critical issues for Arab women in football as well as soft power strategies through sport. Dr Al Khalifa is actively involved in the sports sector through her position as a Board Member of the Bahrain Olympic Committee in addition to current and former committee seats at the Bahrain Football Association, the Union of Arab Football Associations and the West Asian Football Federation. She is a recipient of the 2020 Women and Sport Achievement Diploma from the International Olympic Committee. Zoë Avner is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation at Northumbria University, UK. Dr Avner's research draws on poststructuralist and feminist methodologies to explore athlete and coach learning, power and coaching, and coaching ethics. Her work seeks to support the development of more ethical coaching practices and more diverse, equitable and inclusive physical cultures both within traditional mainstream and emerging alternative lifestyle sporting contexts. Mark Biram is a Teaching Associate in the Department of Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies at the University of Bristol. He holds a master's in Latin American Interdisciplinary Studies from the University of Newcastle and a PhD in Latin American Studies from the University of Bristol. His research focusses on the contestation and reproduction of a gendered social order within sports in Latin America. Kay Biscomb started her career as a PE teacher in secondary education in Botswana and England. After undertaking her first master's degree she started her PhD at the University of Gloucestershire under Professor Celia Brackenridge. Kay joined the staff at the University of Wolverhampton in 1996 and since then has been Head of Department and Associate Dean. Her research interests are media representation, equality and identity issues in sport. Ali Bowes is Senior Lecturer in the Sociology of Sport at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Ali serves on the editorial boards of both Sociology of Sport Journal and Managing Sport and Leisure, and is on the board of the Football Collective. Her research interests centre on the professionalisation of women's sport, including working conditions, gender equality and media coverage. Rachael Bullingham is a Senior Lecturer of Sport and Exercise at the University of Gloucestershire. She has recently edited the Routledge Handbook of Gender Politics in Sport and Physical Activity with Professor Gyözö Molnar. Her research primarily focusses on homophobia within sport and education. Sarah Carrick is a Lecturer at Manchester Law School. Having completed her LLB in Law in 2014, she completed her PhD in 2019. Her research interests include sports law, intellectual property and tax law, and her thesis explored the relationship between athlete image rights and taxation. Kayla Cloud is a current PhD candidate in Sport and Exercise Psychology at Springfield College. She is the former Director of Rowing Programs for a sports-based youth development non-profit in Seattle, Washington. Cloud's work with Dr Tibbetts and her work in the non-profit world have been centred around social justice and equity in sport. Cloud received a master's in Exercise and Sport Studies from Smith College in 2020. Alex Culvin is Senior Lecturer in Sports Business at Leeds Beckett University, UK. Alex works in player and union relations at FIFPro, the global union of professional footballers, and is the chair of the Football Collective, a global network of football scholars. Elise Edwards is a Professor of Anthropology in the Department of History, Anthropology & Classics at Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana. Her research focuses on worlds of football – from the professional ranks to amateur levels – in contemporary Japan and the ways the sport informs and is informed by social, political and economic realities in the country. Edwards played collegiate soccer at Stanford University and then both played and coached sakkaa in Japan's professional L-League in the mid-1990s. She served as the goalkeeping coach for Butler University's women's soccer team for 13 years. Beth Fielding-Lloyd is a Principal Lecturer in the Academy of Sport and Physical Activity at Sheffield Hallam University. Her research interests are in the fields of equity policies and media representations of gender in sport. She serves on the editorial boards of Communication and Sport and the International Journal of Sport and Communication, is an elected board member of the International Association of Communication and Sport and is co-founder of the Sport, Media and Identity Network. Ally Forbes is Programme Leader for the BA (Hons) Sport Business Management degree at the University of Wolverhampton. She completed her MA at Cardiff Metropolitan University, before completing her PhD at the University of Leicester. Ally leads on the School of Sport Athena Swan gender equality work, and her academic research is underpinned by a focus on Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. Ally's main research interests are exploring the experiences of women working in male-dominated spaces, including sport and Higher Education. Gabriela Garton is currently a PhD candidate in Social Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, a Doctoral fellow with the Argentine National Council for Scientific Research (CONICET) and a Visiting Scholar at the Sport and Exercise Science Department at Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia. Gabriela works as a player relations coordinator for the World Players Association, the global association of organised players and athletes across professional sport. Luke Jones is a Lecturer in Sports Coaching at the University of Hull in the United Kingdom. Dr Jones' main area of expertise involves using the disciplinary analysis of Michel Foucault to reconsider entrenched coaching knowledge and practices, and in particular, the excessively disciplinary practices and relationships common across elite sport. Jorge Knijnik is a Brazilian-Australian academic working as an Associate Professor in the School of Education at Western Sydney University (Australia). He holds a PhD in Social Psychology by Universidade de São Paulo (USP/Brazil). Dr Knijnik's most recent books are: Tales of South American football: passion, glory and revolution (Fair Play Publishing); Historias Australianas: Cultura, Educação e Esporte do outro lado do mundo (Fontoura); Women ' s Football in Latin America: Social Challenges and Historical Perspectives (Palgrave McMillan) and The World Cup Chronicles: 31 days that rocked Brazil (Fair Play Publishing). He is a board member of Women in Football Australia and of the Brazilian Torcidas Organizadas Association. Katie Liston is a Senior Lecturer and researcher in the Social Sciences of Sport, specialising in Gender amongst other issues. Dr Liston combines personal insight and experience of women's sport with an established research pedigree. She is a former elite sportsperson, including women's football, and a regular contributor to print media and radio in Ireland. Katie is also co-editor of The Business and Culture of Sports and The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization and Sport. Simone Magill is a Professional Footballer for Aston Villa and a Northern Ireland international. She is completing her PhD in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Edge Hill University. Her work considers emotion, identity and power in high-performance football settings. Rory Magrath is Associate Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Sciences at Solent University, Southampton. His research focusses on decreasing homophobia and the changing nature of contemporary masculinities, with a specific focus on professional sport. Joseph Mills teaches in the Masters of Sports Coaching Programme at the University of Denver. A former international track athlete, Dr Mills' teaching and research interests are using social-cultural theories to connect with the bio-sciences and bridge the laboratory real-world divides in coaching, sport and exercise. Kate Petty works within the Sport and Physical Activity Service at the University of Leeds. She researches in the area of the sociology of gender, media and sport. She is particularly interested in women’s football. Stacey Pope is Associate Professor in the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Durham University, UK. She is especially interested in issues of gender and sport. As well as publishing in a range of international journals, she is author of The Feminization of Sports Fandom: A Sociological Study (Routledge, 2017) and co-editor (with Gertrud Pfister) of Female Football Players and Fans: Intruding into a Man ' s World (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Bente Ovedie Skogvang is an Associate Professor at Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences. Her PhD research, ‘Elite football – a field of changes’, focused on football, gender, professionalisation, commercialisation and media within men's and women's elite football in Norway. She is a former football player and football coach, was a member of the Executive Board in the Norwegian Football Association (1996–2002) and refereed the inaugural Olympic final between the United States and China in Atlanta 1996 (FIFA referee 1995–2007). Erica Tibbetts has been a faculty member at Smith College since 2016 where she is a member of the Sport for Social Change lab and Director of the graduate programme in the Exercise and Sports Studies Department. Tibbetts' research focusses on the social and cultural power of sport, trauma-informed approaches to sport, and inclusion and equity in collegiate athletics. Tibbetts received a master's in Sport Psychology from Ithaca College in 2011 and a PhD from Temple University in 2015. Jean Williams wrote the monograph A Game For Rough Girls in 2003, and has since published a FIFA funded international study A Beautiful Game (Berg, 2007), and A UEFA funded analysis of professionalisation, migration and history in all 55-member national associations of UEFA. Professor Williams has been the lead historian on the Women's Euros 2022, working across all 10 host city sites and producing core public history and heritage content. Jean is currently completing the definitive history of the England women's national team 1972–2022. Donna Woodhouse is a Senior Lecturer at the Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, where her teaching and research focusses on EDI. She is a graduate of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, and completed her FA and ESRC funded PhD on the development of football for females in England, Norway and the United States in 2001 at the Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research, University of Leicester. Acknowledgements Completing a second edited collection in as many years has been a challenging yet rewarding experience for Ali and I. We would like to extend our gratitude to the contributors within this collection, for making this book possible with their innovative, thought-provoking submissions. Throughout this process we have learnt of their desire as much as ours to influence and shape the game of women's football for the future. We would like to acknowledge and thank each and every women's footballer, coach, volunteer and fan who has played a part in the history and development of the game, without whom none of this would be possible. On a personal level, for Ali and I, this book has strengthened our working relationship but most of all our friendship. We have guided and pulled each other through, and dug deep when it mattered. Thank you, Ali. Finally, from Ali to Noa, her beautiful, brave girl. Book Chapters Prelims Chapter 1 Introduction: Women's Football in a Global, Professional Era Section A Emerging Professionalisation Chapter 2 Responsibility and Progress: The English Football Association's Professionalisation of the Women's Game Chapter 3 Obrigatoriedade and the Professionalisation of Women's Football in Brazil Chapter 4 Professional Women's Football in Norway – A Field of Empowerment and Discrimination Chapter 5 On the Road to Empowerment?: An Uneven Path to Professionalisation in Japanese Women's Football Chapter 6 Women's Football in the Arab Region: Local Perspectives and Global Challenges Section B Lived Experiences of Professionalisation Chapter 7 Gender and Football in Brazil: The Impact of the Paulistana Over a Generation of Brazilian Women Players Chapter 8 Changing Tides or Freedom Fallacy? A Foucauldian Cautionary Reading of Women's Professional Football's Evolving Contexts Chapter 9 Negotiating the Transition From Amateur to Semi-Professional Football Status in the FA Women's Championship Chapter 10 Being ‘in’ and ‘on the Field’: An Auto-Ethnographic Reflection on Elite Women's Football in Argentina Chapter 11 Representation Matters: Race and the History of the England Women's National Football Team Section C Commercialisation and Media Coverage Chapter 12 Power at Play – Women's Football and Commercialisation as a Sociological Problem Chapter 13 Equal Pay Debates in International Women's Football Chapter 14 A New Age for Media Coverage of Women's Sport? An Analysis of English Media Coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Chapter 15 ‘Pink Hair, Don't Care’: A Print Media Analysis of Megan Rapinoe at the 2019 Women's World Cup Chapter 16 (De)Weaponised for Change: How US Sport Nationalism Contributes to the Professionalisation of Women's Sports and Positive Social Change Chapter 17 Conclusion: Research Agendas for Professional Women's Football Index