Abstract
This article examines the «Needham paradox» in terms of comparing the ability of European and Chinese civilizations to create, spread, and implement innovations. The subject of this research is the factor of innovative conditions, which influence the ability of society to make a scientific-technological revolution. The methodology of comparative analysis includes six criteria for assessing innovative conditions the history of Chinese and European civilizations: factors of vertical and horizontal generation of scientific and technological progress, innovative tolerance, innovative inclusiveness, innovative adaptation, and the innovative threshold factor. The scientific novelty consists in the study of the history of Europe and China in the period before the Opium Wars from the standpoint of the theory of innovation.
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