Abstract
Abstract Coal fly ash (FA) is abundant in countries that use steam coal for power production. The resultant FA is Class F FA ( 70%, This paper reports on the potential use of Class F FA as a neutralization and fixation reagent for the hazardous sludge waste of the phosphate industry. Several analytical techniques (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, SEM-EDX, and XRD), and leaching experiments (EN12457-2) were used for this study. The results identify the best FA/waste ratios for full neutralization and fixation. Furthermore, adding a high calcium carbonate material prevents the excessive leaching of As, Mo, and Se, and facilitates full neutralization and fixation. Furthermore, the use of a safe aggregate (produced by mixing coal phosphate waste with fly ash and/or bivalve shells) as a partial substitute for sand improves the quality of concrete for civil engineering projects and is environmentally safe.
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