Abstract
Grapes are widely used in the wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of waste, mostly grape peels and seeds. The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profiles of peels and seeds from 30 grape varieties were systemically assessed. The antioxidant activities of fat-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble-bound fractions of grape peels and seeds were evaluated using ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays, and their total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and AlCl3 colorimetry, respectively. It was found that the antioxidant capacities were diverse among different grape peels and seeds. Moreover, several phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, epicatechin, catechin gallate, ferulaic acid, rutin and resveratrol, which could contribute to the antioxidant capacities of these grape peels and seeds. Several grape wastes with strong antioxidant activity could be abundant sources of natural bioactive compounds, and have the potential for development into functional foods, food additives and pharmaceuticals.
Highlights
Grape is a famous fruit all over the world, and is widely used in wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of wastes, including grape peels and seeds [1]
These results indicated that the antioxidants responsible for the reducing power of grape peels and seeds were most fat-soluble compounds with some water-soluble and a little insoluble-bound ones
Grape (Yunnan, China) possessed the highest level of gallic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, epicatechin and catechin gallate, respectively. These results prove our hypothesis that grapes with diverse genotypes have different composition and contents of bioactive compounds
Summary
Grape is a famous fruit all over the world, and is widely used in wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of wastes, including grape peels and seeds [1]. It is reported that these wastes contain a variety of phytochemicals, especially phenols and flavonoids like anthocyanins, resveratrol, tannin and quercetin [2,3,4,5,6,7,8] These bioactive components possess various outstanding bioactivities, such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and hepatic and cardiovascular protection effects [9,10,11,12,13], and have great safety and effectiveness advantages in preventing chronic diseases [14,15,16,17]. The phenolic and flavonoid constituents were identified and quantified using HPLC analysis This should prove helpful for the full utilization of grape peels and seeds
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