Abstract
BackgroundAllium species are magnificently nutritious and are commonly used as a part of the diet in Iran. They have health enhancing benefits including anticancer properties due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. Herein, we investigated in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of Allium bakhtiaricum extracts.MethodsAnti-growth activity of different fractions was explored in vitro on different cancerous cells using MTT assay, Annexin V/PI and SA-β-gal staining, Western blotting, flowcytometric and immunofluorescence microscopic evaluations. In vivo antitumor activity was investigated in BALB/c mice bearing 4 T1 mammary carcinoma cells.ResultsWe demonstrated that chloroformic and ethyl acetate fractions exert cytotoxic activity toward MDA-MB-231 cells, the most sensitive cell line, after 72 h of treatment with IC50 values of 0.005 and 0.006 mg/ml, respectively. Incubation of MDA-MB-231 cells with ¼ and ½ IC50-72h concentrations of each fraction resulted in a significant G2/M cell cycle arrest. ¼ IC50-72h concentration of the chloroform fraction led to the disruption of polymerization in mitotic microtubules. Exposure of human breast cancer cells to different concentrations of the extracts at different incubation times did not induce apoptosis, autophagy or senescence. Our in vivo study revealed that administration of the chloroform extract at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day strongly suppressed mammary tumor progression and decreased the number of proliferative cells in the lung tissues indicating its anti-metastatic effect.ConclusionOur findings imply that the chloroform fraction of Allium bakhtiaricum possesses the suppressive action on breast cancer through mitotic cell cycle arrest suggesting a mechanism associated with disturbing microtubule polymerization.
Highlights
Allium species are magnificently nutritious and are commonly used as a part of the diet in Iran
Our results indicated that the IC50 values of the chloroformic and ethyl acetate fractions (0.05 and 0.08 mg/ml) were higher against NIH3T3 cells than those obtained from these fractions on cancer cell lines
Cell cycle arrest induced by the chloroformic and ethyl acetate fractions in MDA-MB-231 cells Since progression of the cells through the various phases of the cell cycle results in cell proliferation [44], we evaluated the effects of both chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions, as the most cytotoxic extracts, on cell cycle distribution of MDA-MB-231 cell line using flowcytometry
Summary
They have health enhancing benefits including anticancer properties due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. 60% of the world population is accounted for Asia which includes half the total burden of cancer [3] In this regard, among Asian countries, about 50,800 new cancer cases take place in Iran, annually [4]. Chemotherapy causes adverse and inevitable side effects for the patients [5], which currently limits its application. To address this issue, using herbal medicine has gained a great attention. Numerous studies have shown that the use of natural products for cancer treatment results in fewer or diminished side effects as well as a longer survival period for patients [9, 10]
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