Porous Fe-doped graphitized biochar: An innovative approach for co-removing per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances with different chain lengths from natural waters and wastewater

Abstract

Legacy long-chain per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are being replaced by short-chain homologs, which have been widely detected in the environment. To achieve the co-removal of different chain length PFAS, this study systematically explored the single and synergistic effects of FeCl3-impregnation, wet ball-milling and different carbonization temperatures on the surface chemistry and pore structures of different biochars as well as sorption performances and mechanisms towards long-chain perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA). As a consequence, we presented a new method to synthesize magnetic sorbents by wet ball-milling with FeCl3 solution and high-temperature carbonization. Through this process, we tailored a magnetic porous Fe-doped graphitized biochar (named Fe-M−BC900) that contains abundant dispersed positive iron sites with stable Fe0/Fe3C, multi-stage pore structure, highly hydrophobic graphite-like carbon, and O-containing functional groups. Fe-M−BC900 exhibited a high sorption capacity of 10.1 mg PFBA/g and 39.1 mg PFOA/g. PFAS sorption on Fe-M−BC900 was mainly governed by pore-filling, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic partitioning. The sorption of PFBA on Fe-doped biochars depends more on electrostatic interaction and is less affected by hydrophobic partitioning compared to PFOA. Finally, we demonstrated that Fe-M−BC900 performed high co-removal rates (>96 %) for a wide range of legacy and emerging PFAS with different chain lengths and functional groups in natural waters (∑PFAS: 142 ∼ 265 μg/L) and simulated wastewater (∑PFAS: 600 μg/L), with a high relative sorption capacity of > 91 %, even after four consecutive recycling processes. This new adsorbent could help water facilities comply with upcoming PFAS regulations if tested on a larger scale.