The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs).

Abstract

Vol. 123, No. 5 Brief CommunicationsOpen AccessThe Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)is accompanied byFluorotechnology Is Critical to Modern Life: The FluoroCouncil Counterpoint to the Madrid Statementis companion ofAlternatives to PFASs: Perspectives on the Science Arlene Blum, Simona A. Balan, Martin Scheringer, Xenia Trier, Gretta Goldenman, Ian T. Cousins, Miriam Diamond, Tony Fletcher, Christopher Higgins, Avery E. Lindeman, Graham Peaslee, Pim de Voogt, Zhanyun Wang, and Roland Weber Arlene Blum Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA Search for more papers by this author , Simona A. Balan Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA Search for more papers by this author , Martin Scheringer Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author , Xenia Trier Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Search for more papers by this author , Gretta Goldenman European Centre on Sustainable Policies for Human and Environmental Rights, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author , Ian T. Cousins Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Search for more papers by this author , Miriam Diamond Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Search for more papers by this author , Tony Fletcher Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Search for more papers by this author , Christopher Higgins Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA Search for more papers by this author , Avery E. Lindeman Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA Search for more papers by this author , Graham Peaslee Chemistry Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, USA Search for more papers by this author , Pim de Voogt Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Search for more papers by this author , Zhanyun Wang Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author , and Roland Weber POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany Search for more papers by this author Published:1 May 2015https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509934Cited by:164AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit As scientists and other professionals from a variety of disciplines, we are concerned about the production and release into the environment of an increasing number of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for the following reasons:PFASs are man-made and found everywhere. PFASs are highly persistent, as they contain perfluorinated chains that only degrade very slowly, if at all, under environmental conditions. It is documented that some polyfluorinated chemicals break down to form perfluorinated ones (D’Eon and Mabury 2007).PFASs are found in the indoor and outdoor environments, wildlife, and human tissue and bodily fluids all over the globe. They are emitted via industrial processes and military and firefighting operations (Darwin 2011; Fire Fighting Foam Coalition 2014), and they migrate out of consumer products into air (Shoeib et al. 2011), household dust (Björklund et al. 2009), food (Begley et al. 2008; Tittlemier et al. 2007; Trier et al. 2011), soil (Sepulvado et al. 2011; Strynar et al. 2012), ground and surface water, and make their way into drinking water (Eschauzier et al. 2012; Rahman et al. 2014).In animal studies, some long-chain PFASs have been found to cause liver toxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism and the immune and endocrine systems, adverse neurobehavioral effects, neonatal toxicity and death, and tumors in multiple organ systems (Lau et al. 2007; Post et al. 2012). In the growing body of epidemiological evidence, some of these effects are supported by significant or suggestive associations between specific long-chain PFASs and adverse outcomes, including associations with testicular and kidney cancers (Barry et al. 2013; Benbrahim-Tallaa et al. 2014), liver malfunction (Gallo et al. 2012), hypothyroidism (Lopez-Espinosa et al. 2012), high cholesterol (Fitz-Simon et al. 2013; Nelson et al. 2009), ulcerative colitis (Steenland et al. 2013), lower birth weight and size (Fei et al. 2007), obesity (Halldorsson et al. 2012), decreased immune response to vaccines (Grandjean et al. 2012), and reduced hormone levels and delayed puberty (Lopez-Espinosa et al. 2011).Due to their high persistence, global distribution, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity, some PFASs have been listed under the Stockholm Convention (United Nations Environment Programme 2009) as persistent organic pollutants (POPs).As documented in the Helsingør Statement (Scheringer et al. 2014),Although some of the long-chain PFASs are being regulated or phased out, the most common replacements are short-chain PFASs with similar structures, or compounds with fluorinated segments joined by ether linkages.While some shorter-chain fluorinated alternatives seem to be less bioaccumulative, they are still as environmentally persistent as long-chain substances or have persistent degradation products. Thus, a switch to short-chain and other fluorinated alternatives may not reduce the amounts of PFASs in the environment. In addition, because some of the shorter-chain PFASs are less effective, larger quantities may be needed to provide the same performance.While many fluorinated alternatives are being marketed, little information is publicly available on their chemical structures, properties, uses, and toxicological profiles.Increasing use of fluorinated alternatives will lead to increasing levels of stable perfluorinated degradation products in the environment, and possibly also in biota and humans. This would increase the risks of adverse effects on human health and the environment.Initial efforts to estimate overall emissions of PFASs into the environment have been limited due to uncertainties related to product formulations, quantities of production, production locations, efficiency of emission controls, and long-term trends in production history (Wang et al. 2014).The technical capacity to destroy PFASs is currently insufficient in many parts of the world.Global action through the Montreal Protocol (United Nations Environment Programme 2012) successfully reduced the use of the highly persistent ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), thus allowing for the recovery of the ozone layer. However, many of the organofluorine replacements for CFCs are still of concern due to their high global warming potential. It is essential to learn from such past efforts and take measures at the international level to reduce the use of PFASs in products and prevent their replacement with fluorinated alternatives in order to avoid long-term harm to human health and the environment.For these reasons, we call on the international community to cooperate in limiting the production and use of PFASs and in developing safer nonfluorinated alternatives. We therefore urge scientists, governments, chemical and product manufacturers, purchasing organizations, retailers, and consumers to take the following actions:Scientists:Assemble, in collaboration with industry and governments, a global inventory of all PFASs in use or in the environment, including precursors and degradation products, and their functionality, properties, and toxicology.Develop analytical methods for the identification and quantification of additional families of PFASs, including fluorinated alternatives.Continue monitoring for legacy PFASs in different matrices and for environmental reservoirs of PFASs.Continue investigating the mechanisms of toxicity and exposure (e.g., sources, fate, transport, and bioaccumulation of PFASs), and improve methods for testing the safety of alternatives.Bring research results to the attention of policy makers, industry, the media, and the public.Governments:Enact legislation to require only essential uses of PFASs, and enforce labeling to indicate uses.Require manufacturers of PFASs toconduct more extensive toxicological testing,make chemical structures public,provide validated analytical methods for detection of PFASs, andassume extended producer responsibility and implement safe disposal of products and stockpiles containing PFASs.Work with industry to develop public registries of products containing PFASs.Make public annual statistical data on production, imports, and exports of PFASs.Whenever possible, avoid products containing, or manufactured using, PFASs in government procurement.In collaboration with industry, ensure that an infrastructure is in place to safely transport, dispose of, and destroy PFASs and PFAS-containing products, and enforce these measures.Chemical manufacturers:Make data on PFASs publicly available, including chemical structures, properties, and toxicology.Provide scientists with standard samples of PFASs, including precursors and degradation products, to enable environmental monitoring of PFASs.Work with scientists and governments to develop safe disposal methods for PFASs.Provide the supply chain with documentation on PFAS content and safe disposal guidelines.Develop nonfluorinated alternatives that are neither persistent nor toxic.Product manufacturers:Stop using PFASs where they are not essential or when safer alternatives exist.Develop inexpensive and sensitive PFAS quantification methods for compliance testing.Label products containing PFASs, including chemical identity and safe disposal guidelines.Invest in the development and use of nonfluorinated alternatives.Purchasing organizations, retailers, and individual consumers:Whenever possible, avoid products containing, or manufactured using, PFASs. 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Aristizabal, PhD, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Colombia, Manizales, ColombiaAbel Arkenbout, PhD, Chairman, ToxicoWatch Foundation, Harlingen, the NetherlandsMisha Askren, MD, Physician, Urgent Care, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California, USAJannicke Bakkejord, Senior Engineer, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, NorwayGeorg Becher, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, NorwayThea Bechshoft, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DenmarkPeter Behnisch, PhD, Director, BioDetection System, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsSusanne Bejerot, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenStephen Bent, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USAUrs Berger, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenÅke Bergman, PhD, Executive Director and Professor, Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, SwedenVladimir Beškoski, PhD, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaEmmanuelle Bichon, Scientific and Technical Support Manager, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, FranceFilip Bjurlid, PhD Student, Man–Technology–Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenTara Blank, PhD, Consultant, Elixir Environmental, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USADaniel Borg, PhD, Toxicology Consultant, Trossa AB, Stockholm, SwedenCarl-Gustaf Bornehag, PhD, Professor, Department of Health and Environment, Karlstad University, Karlstad, SwedenHindrik Bouwman, PhD, Lecturer, Zoology Group, North-West University, Mahikeng, South AfricaLindsay Bramwell, MSc, Research Associate, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomKnut Breivik, PhD, Senior Scientist and Professor, NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, NorwayKatja Broeg, PhD, Researcher, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenPhil Brown, PhD, University Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Health Sciences, and Director, Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USAThomas Bruton, MS, PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USADavid Camann, MS, Technical Advisor, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USALouise Camenzuli, PhD Student, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandArgelia Castaño, PhD, Head of Department, Area of Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, SpainCarmela Centeno, Industrial Development Officer, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, AustriaIbrahim Chahoud, PhD, Professor, Department of Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyKai Hsien Chi, PhD, Associate Professor, Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, TaiwanEliza Chin, MD, MPH, Executive Director, American Medical Women’s Association, Reston, Virginia, USACarsten Christophersen, PhD, Adjunct Professor, Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkTheo Colborn (1927–2014), PhD, President Emeritus, TEDX (The Endocrine Disruption Exchange), Paonia, Colorado, USATerrence J. Collins, PhD, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Director, Institute for Green Science, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAJohanna Congleton, MSPH, PhD, Senior Scientist, Environmental Working Group, Washington, DC, USAAdrian Covaci, PhD, Professor, Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumCraig Criddle, PhD, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USAOscar H. Fernández Cubero, Technician, National Food Center, Majadahonda, SpainJordi Dachs, PhD, Research Scientist, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, SpainCynthia de Wit, PhD, Professor, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenBarbara Demeneix, PhD, DSc, Professor, Department RDDM, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, FrancePascal Diefenbacher, PhD Student, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandMichelle Douskey, PhD, Chemistry Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USATimothy Elgren, PhD, Dean of Arts and Sciences, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USADavid Epel, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USAUlrika Eriksson, PhD Student, Man–Technology–Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenAlexi Ernstoff, MS, PhD Student, Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkIgor Eulaers, PhD Student, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumHeesoo Eun, PhD, Senior Researcher, Division of Organochemicals, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, JapanPeter Fantke, PhD, Assistant Professor, Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkMarko Filipovic, FilLic, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenMarie Frederiksen, Researcher, Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, DenmarkCarey Friedman, PhD, Postdoctoral Associate, Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAFrederic Gallo, PhD, Senior Expert, Regional Activity Center for Sustainable Consumption and Production, Barcelona, SpainJoseph A. Gardella, Jr, PhD, Distinguished Professor and John and Frances Larkin Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Buffalo–The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USAStephen Gardner, DVM, Veterinarian, Albany Animal Hospital, Richmond, California, USACaroline Gaus, PhD, Professor, National Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaWouter Gebbink, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenDavid Gee, PhD, Associate Fellow, Institute of Environment, Health, and Societies, Brunel University, Brunel, United KingdomPhilip Germansdefer, DHC Che, MS ChE, Director of International Sales and Marketing, Fluid Management Systems, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USABondi Nxuma Gevao, PhD, Research Scientist, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, KuwaitMelissa Gomis, MS, PhD Student, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenBelen Gonzalez, PhD Student, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, SpainPeter Gringinger, MSc, Principal, Cardno, Sassafras, Victoria, AustraliaAdam Grochowalski, PhD, Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Krakow University of Technology, Krakow, PolandRamon Guardans, Scientific Advisor, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Madrid, SpainAlexey Gusev, PhD, Senior Scientist, European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesizing Centre–East, Moscow, RussiaArno Gutleb, PhD, Project Leader, Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, LuxembourgTenzing Gyalpo, PhD Student, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandJohannes Hädrich, PhD, Head, Research Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, Freiburg, GermanyHelen Håkansson, PhD, Professor of Toxicology and Chemicals Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenTomas Hansson, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenMikael Harju, PhD, Senior Scientist, NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, NorwayStuart Harrad, PhD, Professor of Environmental Chemistry, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United KingdomBernhard Hennig, PhD, Professor of Nutrition and Toxicology, and Director, University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USAEunha Hoh, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USASandra Huber, PhD, Senior Researcher, Environmental Chemistry, NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, NorwayFrançois Idczak, Direction de la Surveillance de l’Environnement, Institue Scientifique de Service Public (ISSeP), Liege, BelgiumAlastair Iles, SJD, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USAEllen Ingre-Khans, MSc, PhD Student, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenAlin Constantin Ionas, PhD Candidate, Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumGriet Jacobs, Researcher, Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Mol, BelgiumAnnika Jahnke, PhD, Researcher, Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, GermanyVeerle Jaspers, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NorwayAllan Astrup Jensen, PhD, Research Director and CEO, Nipsect, Frederiksberg, DenmarkJavier Castro Jimenez, PhD Research Scientist, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, SpainIngrid Ericson Jogsten, PhD, Research Scientist, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenJon E. Johansen, Dr techn, Director, Chiron AS, Trondheim, NorwayNiklas Johansson, Senior Consultant, Melica Biologkonsult, Upplands Väsby, SwedenPaula Johnson, PhD, MPH, Research Scientist, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USAJill Johnston, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USAOlga-Ioanna Kalantzi, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, GreeceAnna Kärrman, PhD, Associate Professor, Man–Technology–Environment Research Centre, Öreb