Abstract
Porosity is one of the parameters of scaffold pore structure that must be developed using paraffin wax as a synthetic polymer for making porous bioceramics carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA). This study fabricated CHA based on abalone mussel shells (Halioitis asinina); CHA/paraffin wax nanocomposite scaffolds were synthesized using paraffin wax with concentration variations of 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results showed that the Ca/P molar ratio of CHA was 1.72, which approaches the natural bone. The addition of paraffin wax in all concentration variation treatments caused the crystallographic properties of the CHA/paraffin wax nanocomposite scaffolds to decrease. The results of pore analysis suggest that the high concentration of paraffin wax in the CHA suspension is involved in the formation of more pores on the surface of the scaffold, but only CHA/paraffin wax 30 wt.% had a scaffold with potential to be used in media with a cellular growth orientation. The micropore analysis was also supported by the cell viability assay results for CHA/paraffin wax 30 wt.% nanocomposite scaffold, where serial doses of scaffold concentrations to mouse osteoblast cells were secure. Overall, based on this analysis, the CHA/paraffin wax scaffold can be a candidate for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
IntroductionBioceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) from the calcium phosphate family, are new alternative materials in orthopedic applications owing to their advantages over commonly used alloy materials
The properties of HA and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) peaks were recognized according to previous research [2,4]
This study provides a successful fabrication of CHA with a molar ratio of Ca/P
Summary
Bioceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) from the calcium phosphate family, are new alternative materials in orthopedic applications owing to their advantages over commonly used alloy materials. They can promote bone tissue’s ability to renew itself [1,2]. Bone consists of the mineral carbonate (CO)3 2− , which ranges from 2–8% by total weight, based on age [3,4]. The combination of HA and carbonate minerals from exterior sources and natural bone is called CHA. CHA exhibits better biological properties due to its low crystallinity and increased surface area; it shows superior bioactivity, which is usable in biomedical applications [5]
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