Abstract
Abstract. Our study aims to reconstruct climate changes that occurred at Lake Ohrid (south-western Balkan Peninsula), the oldest extant lake in Europe, between 160 and 70 ka (covering part of marine isotope stage 6, MIS 6; all of MIS 5; and the beginning of MIS 4). A multi-method approach, including the “Modern Analog Technique” and the “Weighted Averaging Partial Least-Squares Regression”, is applied to the high-resolution pollen sequence of the DEEP site, collected from the central part of Lake Ohrid, to provide quantitative estimates of climate and bioclimate parameters. This allows us to document climatic change during the key periods of MIS 6 and MIS 5 in southern Europe, a region where accurate climate reconstructions are still lacking for this time interval. Our results for the penultimate glacial show cold and dry conditions, while the onset of the “last interglacial” is characterized by wet and warm conditions, with temperatures higher than today (by ca. 2 ∘C). The Eemian also shows the well-known climatic tri-partition in the Balkans, with an initial pre-temperate phase of abrupt warming (128–121 ka), a central temperate phase with decreasing temperatures associated with wet conditions (121–118 ka), followed by a post-temperate phase of progressive change towards cold and dry conditions (118–112 ka). After the Eemian, an alternation of four warm/wet periods with cold/dry ones, likely related to the succession of Greenland stadials and cold events known from the North Atlantic, occurred. The observed pattern is also consistent with hydrological and isotopic data from the central Mediterranean. The Lake Ohrid climate reconstruction shows greater similarity with climate patterns inferred from northern European pollen records than with southern European ones, which is probably due to its intermediate position and the mountainous setting. However, this hypothesis needs further testing as very few climate reconstructions are available for southern Europe for this key time period.
Highlights
Since the Middle Pleistocene, the Quaternary is characterized by high-amplitude glacial–interglacial climate variability, occurring cyclically with a 100 ka periodicity (e.g. Raymo et al, 1989; Tzedakis et al, 1997)
The penultimate glacial is characterized by millennial-scale climate variability (Martrat et al, 2004) and ends by several abrupt events, which are probably related to the icebergrafted debris (IRD) deposition intervals in the north-east Atlantic (McManus et al, 1999)
The pollen analysis revealed that the surroundings of Lake Ohrid during the Eemian were characterized by mesophilous communities prevailing on montane ones (Fig. 2)
Summary
Since the Middle Pleistocene, the Quaternary is characterized by high-amplitude glacial–interglacial climate variability, occurring cyclically with a 100 ka (kiloanni) periodicity (e.g. Raymo et al, 1989; Tzedakis et al, 1997). The LIC includes the “last interglacial” (roughly equivalent to MIS 5e, or Eemian), followed by a period named “early last glacial” characterized by a succession of stadial (cold and dry conditions) and interstadial (warm and wet conditions) periods (MIS 5d to 5a). These stadials and interstadials correlate to glacial advances or retreats that are documented by ice-rafted debris in North Atlantic sediments (e.g. Bond events and Heinrich events: Bond et al, 1992; Bond and Lotti, 1995) and by changes in oxygen isotope composition in Greenland ice cores (Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles; Dansgaard et al, 1993). Across the LIC, seven such cold events (C19–25) have been documented (McManus et al, 1994; Oppo, 2006; Rasmussen et al, 2014)
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