Abstract
<p>Refugea Plot as Insect Resistance Management in<br />Transgenic Bt Crops. Bahagiawati. The objective of this<br />review is to share information on several cases of target<br />insects became resistance to transgenic-Bt crops in the field<br />and the refuge strategy used to manage this problem. Bt<br />corn and Bt cotton have been planted widely for several<br />years globally. One of the risks of planting transgenic Bt crop<br />is the ability of the target insects adapted to the Bt protein<br />and caused the resistance breakdown the transgenic Bt<br />plants. This phenomenon was hypothesized in early 1990s<br />based on the cases of several insects resistance to microbial<br />Bt sprayed in laboratories and in the field. The mode of<br />action of the pest resistance to Bt-toxin have been studied in<br />several laboratories. In USA, to avoid the target insect<br />resistance to transgenic Bt crops, a program called Insect<br />Resistance Management (IRM) has been applied since 2001<br />for farmers growing Bt crops. Lately, there have been some<br />reports of target insects became resistance to cry1F, cry1Ab,<br />and cry1Ac in transgenic Bt crops. A report informed about<br />the resistance of target insect in Puerto Rico was published<br />in 2006, and so in South Africa in 2006/2007, and the last one<br />in India in 2009. To avoid target’s insect become resistance<br />to Bt crops, a program called structural IRM and unstructural<br />IRM were introduced and applied in several<br />countries. One of the components of IRM is planting refuge<br />plot, a plot that planting with isogenic line of Bt crops in/near<br />by the area of Bt crops. This review will discuss about the<br />cases of target insect became resistance to Bt crops in the<br />field, mode of action of insect resistance to Bt, the model of<br />IRM program in USA and the Philippines and finally the<br />recommendation for Indonesia to prepare its IRM program<br />for implementing Bt crops.</p>
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