Abstract
The development of oral insulin presents significant promise for diabetes treatment, mitigating peripheral hyperinsulinemia, weight gain, and hypoglycemia while enhancing patient convenience and facilitating rapid insulinization of the liver. Effective oral insulin products are crucial for early intensive insulin therapy, which ensures tight glycaemic control and delays diabetes complications. However, despite the need, oral insulin has faced many challenges, and past technologies have had limited success. Repeated insulin injections can result in local hypertrophy over time generating attention to user-friendly oral insulin delivery systems that are not invasive to the body and copy the natural pathway. This review article examines New methods for oral insulin delivery that have shown promise, using techniques like complexation, hydrogels, and nanoparticles to boost effectiveness, though they still trail injectable insulin. Further studies will help determine how well oral insulin works at various doses and inform the development of competing formulations.
Published Version
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