Abstract
Transplanting is an important rice cultivation method; however, transplanting shock commonly affects grain yield, and the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of growth, development, and delayed heading caused by transplanting shock have not yet been clearly elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of seedling age, temperature, and root damage during transplanting on growth, development, and time to heading, both under artificially controlled and natural day length. Additionally, we investigated the impact of seedling root growth space and the potential mitigating effects of residual seed nutrients on young transplanted seedlings. The delay in heading in transplanted versus directly seeded plants was affected more by growth inhibition during the seedling period than by root damage during transplanting. However, root damage had an effect on the inhibition of leaf and tiller development, and the ratio of leaves to tillers increased because tiller development was inhibited more by transplanting shock compared with leaf development. Based on these findings, we propose factors reflecting the delay in growth due to transplanting shock that should be included for more accurate rice phenology modeling and suggest advantageous seeding conditions and transplanting methods for improved rice cultivation and yield in response to climate change.
Highlights
Transplanting is an important rice cultivation method; transplanting shock commonly affects grain yield, and the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of growth, development, and delayed heading caused by transplanting shock have not yet been clearly elucidated
A comparison of the number of growing days to heading between directly seeded and transplanted plants showed that the direct seeding group reached the heading stage approximately 2–3 days sooner than the transplanted groups, regardless of average temperature, seedling age, and root damage during transplantation (Table 1)
Similar to experiment 1, the results of experiment 2 revealed that the direct seeding group took approximately 2–3 days less to reach heading compared with the transplanting groups, and there were no differences in time to heading in response to root damage during transplanting (Fig. 2)
Summary
Transplanting is an important rice cultivation method; transplanting shock commonly affects grain yield, and the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of growth, development, and delayed heading caused by transplanting shock have not yet been clearly elucidated. In another study that compared the growth of plants transplanted without root or shoot damage to that of direct seeding plants, growth inhibition, observed as reduced tillering, was noted after transplanting These findings suggested that root cutting is not the only factor contributing to a delay in leaf development and heading after transplanting[17]. Many studies have reported that inhibition of leaf and tiller growth and development and delayed heading occurs in transplanted rice when compared with direct seeding cultivation and that these differences vary according to seedling a ge[21,22]
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