Pharmaceutical Analysis | Sample Preparation

Abstract

Analyses of complex mixtures involve several steps, from sampling to data analysis, any of which can ultimately affect analytical outcomes. Sampling and sample preparation are very important in formulating practical and reliable methods for pharmaceutical analysis. Sampling and sample preparation can be classified into five groups of operation—sample collection, release of drugs from a matrix, liquid handling, removal of endogenous compounds, and procedures to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. Recent trends in sample preparation include miniaturization, automation, high-throughput performance, on-line coupling with analytical instruments, and reductions in solvent consumption and operation time. This article provides an overview of developments in sampling and handling of various pharmaceutical formulations; plant-derived medicines and biological specimens, including serum, plasma, whole blood, urine, saliva and hair. This article also describes developments in sample extraction techniques including ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, supercritical-fluid extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction.