Abstract
In this paper, nested hexagonal ring-shaped fractal antennas are designed and investigated which are different from each other in patch orientation. Initially, the multiband integrated wideband hexagonal nested ring antenna is designed (antenna-I). To improve the multiband/wideband behavior, the patch orientation of antenna-I is changed to −60°/60° (antenna-II), −120°/120° (antenna-III), and −180°/180° (antenna-IV). Antennas are designed on low cost FR-4 glass epoxy substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and overall dimension 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm3. Comparison among antennas have been made and found that the antennas with negative orientation exhibit better results in terms of bandwidth, impedance matching, number of frequency bands, and gain. Designed antennas have been compared with each other and found that antennas-II and III are better in performance as compared to antennas-I and IV. Antenna-II exhibits wider bandwidth of 1.26 (2.52-3.78 GHz), 2.75 (4.03-6.78 GHz), and 6.1 GHz (7.82-13.92 GHz) with maximum gain of 7.14 dB. Similarly; antenna-III exhibits the bandwidth of 340 MHz (1.92-2.26 GHz), 820 MHz (3.04-3.86 GHz), 4230 MHz (5.38-9.61 GHz), and 3040 MHz (10.41-13.45 GHz) with a maximum gain of 6.19 dB. Prototype of the designed antennas with satisfactory orientations are fabricated and tested for the validation of results. Simulated and measured results are also juxtaposed and observed in good agreement with each other. Antennas exhibit bidirectional and omnidirectional pattern in E-plane and H-plane, respectively, also the radiation efficiency of antennas are in acceptable range from 75% to 95%. Due to the wider bandwidth of designed antennas, they can be used for different wireless standards such as Advance Wireless Services AWS-1, AWS-2, AWS-3, Wi-MAX, WLAN, X-band satellite communication, point-to-point wireless applications, ITU band, military satellite communication, television broadcasting, and military land and airborne systems.
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