Peano–Gosper, Koch and Minkowski fractal curves-based novel hybrid antenna using modified partial ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications

Abstract

This paper presents the unique structure of a hybrid antenna with a blend of Peano–Gosper, Koch and Minkowski curves using a modified partial ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications. Initially, the Minkowski and Koch curves are amalgamated by using a versatile mathematical tool called Iterative Function System (IFS), and furthermore, their resultant structure is superimposed on each segment of Peano–Gosper curve to obtain the novel geometry of hybrid fractal antenna named Gosper–Koch–Minkowski Hybrid Fractal Antenna (GKMHFA). The partial ground plane with 50 Ω transmission line fed is used to analyse the performance of designed structure and found that it exhibits five different frequency bands above 9 GHz in the frequency range 1–20 GHz. Consequently, to attain the frequency bands below 9 GHz with enhanced bandwidth and reflection coefficient, the partial ground plane has been modified. The proposed antenna with the modified ground plane reveals seven distinct frequency points 1.5, 3.4, 8.6, 12.2, 14.1, 15.3 and 18.9 GHz with a maximum bandwidth 5.0 GHz along with improved reflection coefficient i.e. −45.65 dB at 1.5 GHz. The proposed antenna also reports positive gain and stable radiation patterns in the operational frequency bands, which make it a proficient candidate for the multi-standard wireless applications such as GPS, terrestrial communication, PCS, UMTS, advance wireless services, Bluetooth, WLAN, Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, military satellite communication, television broadcasting, broadcasting satellite, FSS, Ku-band and K-band.