Percarbonate mediated advanced oxidation of irbesartan: A suitable alternative to chlorination?

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the environmental fate of irbesartan when subjected to activated percarbonate treatment. The investigation delves into the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and evaluates their toxicity, and it seeks to draw comparisons with outcomes from treatment with sodium hypochlorite, already characterized in previous findings. The proposed treatment indicates the formation of at least 11 DBPs - eight identified for the first time - which have been isolated by various chromatographic techniques, identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry studies and for which a mechanism has been proposed to elucidate their formation. To evaluate irbesartan's biological impact during treatment with sodium percarbonate (SPC), a toxicity study of the DBPs was conducted using Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, and Raphidocelis subcapitata, three model organisms. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program and compared with experimental results. Compared to chlorination treatment, a lower mineralization percentage (−43 %) and amount of DBPs at least twice higher were observed. Toxicity assessment highlighted that DBPs formed during SPC treatment were more toxic than those from chlorination. ECOSAR predicted toxicity aligned with experimental findings. Additionally, the DBPs exhibited varying levels of toxicity, primarily attributable to the presence of aromatic and hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure, indicating that SPC treatment is not suitable for treatment of irbesartan polluted waters.